Policy Trends in EU Financial Regulation Post the Financial Crisis: Challenges for Investment Funds in Europe

Author(s):  
Christopher P. Buttigieg
2003 ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
O. Khmyz

Acording to the author's opinion, institutional investors (from many participants of the capital market) play the main role, especially investment funds. They supply to small-sized investors special investment services, which allow them to participate in the investment process. However excessive institutialization and increasing number of hedge-funds may lead to financial crisis.


Author(s):  
Chase Foster

Since the global financial crisis, European governments have sought to intensify the supervision of financial markets. Yet, few studies have empirically examined whether regulatory approaches have systematically shifted in the aftermath of the crisis, and how these reforms have been mediated by longstanding national strategies to promote domestic financial interests in the European single market. Examining hundreds of enforcement actions in three key European jurisdictions, I find a mixed pattern of continuity and change in the aftermath of the crisis. In the UK, aggregate monetary penalties and criminal sanctions have skyrocketed since 2009, while in France and Germany, the enforcement pattern suggests continuity, with both countries assessing penalties and prosecuting insider trading at similar rates before and after the crisis. I conclude that financial regulation is still structured by longstanding industrial strategies (Story and Walter, 1997), but where pre-existing regulatory approaches were seen as contributing to the crisis, a broader regulatory overhaul has been pursued. Thus, in the UK, where the financial crisis served as a direct rebuke to the country’s “light touch” regulation, financial supervision was overhauled, and monetary sanctions dramatically increased, to preserve London’s status as an international financial centre. By contrast, in France and Germany, where domestic regulatory systems were implicated by the financial crisis, domestic securities supervision and enforcement was less dramatically altered. While the crisis has led to the further institutionalization of European-level supervisory institutions, these changes have not yet led to convergence in national regulatory approaches.   Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v12i1.1233


2011 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. R1-R15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erland W. Nier

There is increasing recognition that prior to the global financial crisis financial regulation had lacked a macroprudential perspective. There has since been a strong effort to make a new macroprudential orientation operational, including through the establishment of new macroprudential authorities or ‘committees’ in a number of jurisdictions. These developments raise — and this paper explores — the following three questions. First, what distinguishes macroprudential policy from microprudential policy and what are its key tasks? Second, what powers should be given to macroprudential authorities and what should be their mandate? Third, how can governance arrangements ensure that macroprudential policies are pursued effectively? While arrangements for macroprudential policy will to some extent be country-specific, we identify three basic challenges in setting up an effective macroprudential policy framework and discuss options to address them.


Author(s):  
Jean Tirole

This chapter aims to contribute to the debate on financial system reform. The first part describes what is perceived to be a massive regulatory failure, a breakdown that goes all the way from regulatory fundamentals to prudential implementation. The second part discusses some implications of recent events for financial sector regulation. It argues that to avoid a repetition of the financial crisis, we need both to change public policies that contributed to the crisis (particularly the mortgage crisis) and to institute financial reforms. Desirable reforms of public policy regarding real estate lending include promoting consumer protection and reducing subsidies. Financial regulation must also be international. The creation of supranational regulatory structures has become increasingly urgent in a world in which institutions and counterparties are truly international.


Author(s):  
Oonagh McDonald

This chapter traces the history of financial regulation in the UK. It challenges the widely held belief that the period from the 1980s witnessed a systematic process of deregulation. In fact, from the 1970s there was a period of increasing regulation up until the mid-2000s, when the government began to encourage a ‘light touch’ approach. The combination of all these factors meant that banks were ill-prepared to meet the financial crisis. In its aftermath, as the banks embarked on the slow path to recovery, making profits was essential. The traders seized any opportunity they could, and it may well be the case that banks were simply relieved that some areas of their business were profitable.


2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-186
Author(s):  
Florian Meinel

Zusammenfassung Das europäische Haushaltsrecht zeichnet sich im Vergleich mit dem deutschen durch eine Reihe von Besonderheiten aus: Es ist in seiner heutigen Gestalt ein sehr junges, im Grunde erst im Zuge der Prodi-Kinnock-Reformen 1999–2002 entstandenes Recht. Es kennt die für das deutsche Haushaltsrecht charakteristische Trennung von Innenrecht und Außenrecht nicht und ist deswegen selbst materielles Verwaltungsrecht der Leistungsverwaltung der Union. Soweit es um die Verwendung von Unionsmitteln geht, erfüllt es zugleich Funktionen eines Aufsichtsrechts der Kommission außerhalb des Vertragsverletzungsverfahrens. Schließlich werden im europäischen Haushaltsrecht in exemplarischer Weise die ökonomischen, sozialen, territorialen und politischen Asymmetrien der Union verarbeitet, kurz: das Verhältnis von Zentrum und Peripherie im Verwaltungsverbund. Im Mittelpunkt des Beitrags steht die Frage nach der gegenwärtigen Leistungsfähigkeit und der Zukunft des Modells der Gemeinsamen Mittelverwaltung nach Art. 59 EHO und der VO 1303/2013, nach dessen Grundidee den Mitgliedstaaten die dezentrale Finanzierungskompetenz übertragen wird, die Kommission aber die politische Haushaltsverantwortung behält und dafür über eine Reihe von Kontroll-, Aufsichts-, Mitsteuerungs- und Sanktionsbefugnissen verfügt. Dieses Modell ist aber inzwischen in einer schweren institutionellen Krise: Dem Haushaltsrecht sind in den letzten anderthalb Jahrzehnten sowohl im Recht der Struktur- und Investitionsfonds als auch beispielsweise bei der Finanzierung der Migrations- und Grenzsicherungspolitik politische Aufgaben zugefallen, die das unpolitisch-administrative Vollzugsmodell grundsätzlich in Frage stellen. Eine deswegen an sich folgerichtige, stärkere direkte haushaltsrechtliche Steuerung durch die Kommission wird jedoch durch den gegenwärtigen Rechtszustand strukturell unterlaufen. Die immer stärkere Mobilisierung der Kontrollschiene führt zu nichtintendierten Effekten. Der Beitrag diskutiert schließlich Auswege aus der gegenwärtigen Situation und zeigt die politischen Perspektiven einer Reform des europäischen Haushaltsrechts auf. Summary EU budget law is different in many respects: Its present scope and structure are key achievements of the institutional reforms initiated by the Prodi Commission under Neil Kinnock after the fall of the Santer Commission in 1999. Moreover, EU budget law is not limited to the internal procedures of public revenues and expenditures. It provides the substantive law of the administration of EU funds itself and hence serves as a „a constitutional framework for Community administration of the kind that has not existed hitherto“ (Paul Craig). As the Commission has no hard powers of oversight other than infringement proceedings, budget law also is an instrument of controlling the implementation of EU law by the Member States. Not least, budget law is confronted with the economic, social, territorial, and political inequalities with the European Union like no other area of EU law. Against this backdrop, the Article discusses the institutional capacity of the model of „shared administration“ as stipulated by Article 59 of the Financial Regulation (No. 966/2012) and fleshed out by the Common Provisions Regulation (No. 1303/2013). This model is based on a separation of administrative powers and political responsibility: While the Member States control the disbursement of EU funds on the local level, the political responsibility stays with the Commission (Article 317 TFEU), who in exchange has a set of instruments to control, supervise, and coordinate national administrations—and to sanction violations of EU law by applying financial corrections. EU budget law, however, is dealing with a major institutional crisis of shared administration. Over the last decades, the budget is confronted with intense political conflicts both on the traditional field of the structural and investment funds and, for instance, in the area of migration and border control policies. Conflicts of this kind challenge the administrative model of implementing the EU budget. The excessive use of controlling instruments and financial sanctions by the Commission has resulted in unintended consequences. And yet, the present state of EU budget law does not allow for a more openly political spending power of the Commission. The Article also discusses various reform scenarios under the next Multiannual Financial Framework (2021–2027).


2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-321
Author(s):  
Iris H-Y Chiu

In the wake of the global financial crisis, the trajectory of legal reforms is likely to turn towards more transparency regulation. This article argues that transparency regulation will take on a new role of surveillance as intelligence and data mining expand in the wholesale financial sector, supporting the creation of designated systemic risk oversight regulators.The role of market discipline, which has been acknowledged to be weak leading up to the financial crisis, is likely to be eclipsed by a more technocratic governance in the financial sector. In this article, however, concerns are raised about the expansion of technocratic surveillance and whether financial sector participants would internalise the discipline of regulatory control. Certain endemic features of the financial sector will pose challenges for financial regulation even in the surveillance age.


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