Islamic instruments in treating and mitigating the mortgage – Crisis Malaysia Capital Market Case Study 2007/2016 –: دور الصكوك الإسلامية في علاج أزمة الرهون العقارية والتخفيف من حدتها – دراسة حالة سوق رأس مال ماليزيا 2007/2016 –

In light of the increasing interest and development of Islamic financial architecture, especially after the 2008 mortgage crisis and its innovative products and financial instruments such as Islamic Sukuk, , Not to mention its important and large role in reducing the big difference between the financial economy and the real economy, we decided In our research, to study the role of Islamic sukuk in dealing with the global financial crisis 2008, by studying the state of Malaysia, especially as the latter is among the first countries in the field of Islamic financial market activity.

Financial Structure, Cycle, and Instability

The subprime loan mortgage crisis has revived scholarly interest in Minsky’s financial instability hypothesis. The related mathematical models present two types of Minskian financial structures. We construct macrodynamic models that consider both structures and discuss financial instability and cycles. We also demonstrate that one of the financial cycles occurs when a real factor stabilizes the economy. The burden of interest-bearing debt is an important determinant of the cycle. We posit that the escalating financial fragility in this cycle is a more appropriate interpretation of the Minskian financial structure that refers to hedging, speculative and Ponzi behaviors. We further demonstrate that another financial structure destabilizes the economy. If the instability occurs at the point of fragility, then the economy may deteriorate into financial crisis. Fragility then becomes instability.JEL classifications: E12, E32, E33, E43

Economic Expectations

The chapter “Economic Expectations” explores how Generation Disaster’s career hopes have been shaped by the depressed economy of their youth, the mortgage crisis that destroyed many families’ primary investments, and the current competition for work in a job market that was still recovering from the Great Recession and then crashed again due to the pandemic. Many members of the group express serious pessimism about their financial prospects, including their chances of securing satisfying work and being able to retire. Others are more optimistic, particularly if they started off with more resources. This divide in expectations reinforces the growing income and wealth gaps between segments of the population and demonstrates that the myth of the “American Dream” is not available to everyone.

مراحل تطور العلاقة الاقتصادية بين السعودية والصين / Stages of Development of the Economic Relationship Between the Saudi Arabia and China

The economic relations between Saudi Arabia and modern China witnessed four stages: 1. the phase of almost no relationship, which lasted from 1949 AD until the mid-seventies of the last century; 2. the stage of initiating developing relations between the two countries after the start of economic reforms in China; 3. relations of highly advanced levels after the acceleration of the growth rates of the Chinese economy at the beginning of the new millennium; 4. the phase of transforming the Chinese economy into a locomotive that drags the rest of the train cars of the world economy, following the financial-economic crisis that hit the industrial hubs in 2008, whose epicenter was the United States after the mortgage crisis. During the fourth stage, two visions concurred: the Kingdom’s Vision 2030, and the China’s Belt and Road Initiative, which strengthened relations between the two countries. strengthened relations between the two countries.

Diversification of Bank Profitability and Bankruptcy Risk in ASIA

This study aims to determine the bank interest margin and non-interest income in 25 countries in ASIA in the study period 1993 and 2020. This study uses the quantitative method Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). Prudence in developing the banking business by banking business actors is essential in preventing a systemic financial crisis in the future, such as the experience of the Asian financial crisis in 1997 and the subprime mortgage crisis in 2008. Bank interest margins and non-interest income are both required in maintaining bank cash inflow.

MONETARY OUTLOOK

This paper aims to study the transformation of money in the United States using qualitative content analysis and predict the stability of the internal exchange rate of money by comparing the internal exchange rate of commodity money proxied by gold against crude oil internally. The exchange rate of fiat money proxied by the USD against crude oil and the internal exchange rate of synthetic money proxied by bitcoin against crude oil use the autoregressive threshold (TAR) method in the exchange period. In the great depression, fiat standards, subprime mortgage crisis, Europe experienced a debt crisis until 2017 (1960 - 2017). We compare the internal stability of money for each period in the aggregate using TAR to describe the overall fluctuation of internal exchange rate stability. So it can be seen that the behavior of data movements based on the crisis period experienced is the basis for predicting the stability of the internal exchange rate in the future.