Proprotein convertase PC4A, a member of the subtilisin/kexin family of serine proteases, was obtained in enzymically active form following expression of vaccinia virus recombinant rat (r)PC4A in GH4C1 cells. It displayed maximal activity at pH 7.0 and a Ca2+ concentration of 2.0 mM. Using PC4-specific antibodies, Western blot analysis of the medium revealed a major band at ≈ 54 kDa, corresponding to the molecular size of mature rPC4A. Among the various peptidyl-[4-methylcoumarin 7-amide (MCA)] substrates tested, the one that was preferred the most by rPC4A was acetyl (Ac)-Arg-Lys-Lys-Arg-MCA, which is cleaved 9 times faster (as judged from Vmax/Km measurements) than the best furin and PC1 substrate, pGlu-Arg-Thr-Lys-Arg-MCA. Recombinant rPC4A, along with human (h)furin and hPC1, cleaved a 17-amino-acid synthetic peptide, YQTLRRRVKR↓ SLVVPTD (where ↓ denotes site of cleavage, and the important basic residues are shown in bold), encompassing the junction between the putative pro-segment of rPC4A and the active enzyme, suggesting a possible auto-activation of the enzyme. In an effort to identify potential physiological substrates for PC4, studies were performed with pro-[insulin-growth-factor (IGF)]-derived synthetic peptides, namely Ac-PAKSAR↓ SVRA (IGF-I66-75) and Ac-PAKSER↓ DVST (IGF-II63-72), as well as two lysine mutants [(IGF-I66-75Lys70) and (IGF-II63-72Lys67)]. Unlike PC1 and furin, rPC4A cleaved efficiently both IGF-I66-75 and IGF-II63-72, suggesting a possible role of PC4 in the maturation of IGF-I and -II. In contrast, the peptides with a position 2 (P2) lysine mutation, IGF-I66-75Lys70 and IGF-II63-72Lys67, were cleaved more efficiently by PC1 and furin compared with rPC4A. Furthermore, using synthetic peptides containing the processing sites of pituitary adenylate-cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-38, we were able to confirm that, of the two testicular enzymes PC4 and PC7, PC4 is the best candidate enzyme for maturation of PACAP. Our data suggest that rPC4A is a functionally active convertase, with a substrate specificity somewhat different from that of other convertases, namely KXXR↓ (where X denotes any other residue). As expected, p-chloromercuribenzoic acid and metal chelators such as EDTA, EGTA and trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid inhibit the proteolytic activity of rPC4A, whereas it is activated by dithiothreitol. PC4A was also inhibited by transition-metal ions (Cu2+>Hg2+>Zn2+ Ni2+>Co2+), as well as by small peptide semicarbazones (SCs), such as Arg-Lys-Lys-Arg-SC (Ki 0.75 μM) and Arg-Ser-Lys-Arg-SC (Ki 11.4 μM).
Kinetic characterization of yeast alcohol dehydrogenases. Amino acid residue 294 and substrate specificity.
