Gender Differences in Periodontal Status and Oral Hygiene of Non-Diabetic and Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Background: This study investigated gender dependent differences by the comparison of periodontal status and oral hygiene between diabetic patients and non-diabetic subjects. Methods: 517 mostly obese subjects (171 non-diabetic, 205 type 2 diabetic with oral and 141 with insulin therapy; mean: 59 years) completed an oral hygiene questionnaire and had a clinical examination, including periodontal screening and recording (PSR), percentage of bleeding teeth (PBT), probing pocket depth (PD), gingivitis index (GI), and number of teeth (Tn). Main parameters were “periodontitis” and “oral hygiene behaviour”, each defined by 5 sub-parameters. For a comparison of all results, each sub-parameter was set 0.2. The “low performance index“ (LoP) was the sum of significantly worse sub-parameters in the compared groups (maximum of low performing = 1.0). Results: Gender comparison: In non-diabetic and diabetic patients with oral medication, males performed worse (LoP: periodontitis 0.6 - 0.8; oral hygiene 0.4 - 0.6). The male insulin group performed worse oral hygiene (LoP: 0.4) than females with insulin therapy, whereas the periodontal status showed no difference. Diabetic and non-diabetic groups: Females: Diabetic groups performed worse than non-diabetics (LoP: periodontitis 0.2 - 1.0; oral hygiene 0.4). Insulin patients had worse periodontal status and showed no difference in oral hygiene when compared to diabetic patients with oral medication (LoP: 0.2). Males: Diabetic group with oral medication had worse periodontal status than non-diabetics (LoP: 0.6). Conclusions: The periodontal status was mainly due to oral hygiene behaviour, which was worse in men. Apparently behaviour and not diabetes is the major determinant of periodontitis. Men apparently need much more advise than women.

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Efficacy of conversion from bedtime NPH insulin to morning insulin glargine in type 2 diabetic patients on basal-prandial insulin therapy

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice ◽

10.1016/j.diabres.2005.12.009 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 35-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Hiroki Yokoyama ◽

Junko Tada ◽

Futayo Kamikawa ◽

Sakiko Kanno ◽

Yuki Yokota ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Glargine ◽

Insulin Therapy ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Nph Insulin ◽

Prandial Insulin ◽

Prandial Insulin Therapy ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

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Barriers towards insulin therapy in type 2 diabetic patients: results of an observational longitudinal study

Health and Quality of Life Outcomes ◽

10.1186/1477-7525-8-113 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 113 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Norbert Hermanns ◽

Marina Mahr ◽

Bernd Kulzer ◽

Sören E Skovlund ◽

Thomas Haak

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Insulin Therapy ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

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Clinical Medicine: Endocrinology and Diabetes: Gender-associated Differences in Weight Gain, Insulin Requirement and Metabolic control in Newly Insulin-treated Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Secondary Sulfonylurea Failure–-a One-year Observation

Clinical medicine Endocrinology and diabetes ◽

10.4137/cmed.s3039 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. CMED.S3039

Author(s):

Georg Biesenbach ◽

Gert Bodlaj ◽

Herwig Pieringer

Keyword(s):

Insulin Therapy ◽

Metabolic Control ◽

Vascular Diseases ◽

Insulin Requirement ◽

First Year ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

One Year ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

Objective The aim of the present study was to determine differences between male and female type 2 diabetic patients concerning body weight, metabolic control, insulin requirement and prevalence of vascular diseases during the first year insulin therapy. Patients and Methods We investigated 102 newly insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients (60 female) with secondary sulfonylurea failure. Observation period was the first year insulin therapy. We compared BMI, HbA1c, lipids and insulin requirement at the begin and after one year, C-peptide and prevalence of vascular diseases at the start of insulin therapy. Results At the start of insulin substitution, omen had a higher BMI (27 + 3 versus 25 + 3; p < 0.05). Women also required a higher insulin dose than did men (28 + 6 versus 24 + 6 IU/day) Mean HbA1c and cholesterol levels were similar in both groups whereas triglycerides were higher in women (244 + 88 versus 203 + 76 mg/dl; p < 0.05). Both groups achieved a similar gain in body weight after one year (+2.5% versus +2.6%; NS). HbA1c decreased from 9.2 + 1.1 to 7.4% + 0.9% (–19%) in women and from 9.4 + 1.1 to 7.5% + 1.0% (–20%) in men. The prevalence of vascular diseases was not significantly different in both groups. Conclusions At the start of insulin therapy female type 2 diabetic patients showed a significant higher BMI and a higher insulin requirement than male patients. The metabolic control was similar in men and women, only the triglycerides were higher in the female patients. Weight gain and increase of needed insulin as well as prevalence of macroangiopathy were the same in both groups.

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