Influence of depth cues on multiple objects tracking in 3D scene

Multiple-object-tracking tasks require an observer to track a group of identical objects moving in 2D space. The current study was conducted in an attempt to examine object tracking in 3D space. We were interested in testing influence of classical depth cues (texture gradients, relative size and contrast) on tracking. In Experiment 1 we varied the presence of these depth cues while subjects were tracking four (out of eight) identical, moving objects. Texture gradient, a cue related to scene layout, did not influence object tracking. Experiment 2 was designed to clarify the differences between contrast and relative size effects. Results revealed that contrast was a more effective cue for multiple object tracking in 3D scenes. The effect of occlusion was also examined. Several occluders, presented in the scene, were occasionally masking the targets. Tracking was more successful when occluders were arranged in different depth planes, mimicking more natural conditions. Increasing the number of occlusions led to poorer performance.

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Tracking Multiple Objects Is Limited Only by Object Spacing, Not by Speed, Time, or Capacity

Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/0956797610373935 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

pp. 920-925 ◽

Cited By ~ 100

Author(s):

S.L. Franconeri ◽

S.V. Jonathan ◽

J.M. Scimeca

Keyword(s):

Object Tracking ◽

Moving Objects ◽

Multiple Object Tracking ◽

Single Object ◽

Multiple Objects ◽

Performance Constraints ◽

Root Cause ◽

Multiple Object ◽

Tracking Time ◽

Environment Performance

In dealing with a dynamic world, people have the ability to maintain selective attention on a subset of moving objects in the environment. Performance in such multiple-object tracking is limited by three primary factors—the number of objects that one can track, the speed at which one can track them, and how close together they can be. We argue that this last limit, of object spacing, is the root cause of all performance constraints in multiple-object tracking. In two experiments, we found that as long as the distribution of object spacing is held constant, tracking performance is unaffected by large changes in object speed and tracking time. These results suggest that barring object-spacing constraints, people could reliably track an unlimited number of objects as fast as they could track a single object.

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An New Method for Multi-Object Tracking Using Energy Minimization-Based Data Association

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.1822 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 427-429 ◽

pp. 1822-1825

Author(s):

Zhen Hai Wang ◽

Ki Cheon Hong

Keyword(s):

Object Tracking ◽

Energy Minimization ◽

Moving Objects ◽

Data Association ◽

Multiple Object Tracking ◽

Object Extraction ◽

Frame Difference ◽

Multiple Object ◽

Important Research Topic ◽

Key Steps

multiple object tracking is an active and important research topic. It faces many challenging problems. Object extraction and data association are two most key steps in multiple object tracking. To improve tracking performance, this paper proposed a tracking method which combines Kalman filter and energy minimization-based data association. Moving objects are segmented through frame difference. Its can be consider as the vertex. All detections in adjacent frames are be used to construct a graph. The energy is finally minimized with a graph cuts optimization. Data association can be consider as multiple labeling problems. Object corresponding can be obtained through energy minimization. Experiment results demonstrate this method can be accurately tracking two moving objects.

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Color influences identification of the moving objects more than shape

Psihologija ◽

10.2298/psi0901079v ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 79-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vesna Vidakovic ◽

Suncica Zdravkovic

Keyword(s):

Object Tracking ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

Moving Objects ◽

Multiple Object Tracking ◽

Cognitive System ◽

Attentional Processes ◽

Spatiotemporal Characteristics ◽

Multiple Object ◽

Different Characteristics ◽

As If

When people track moving objects, they concentrate on different characteristics. Recent results show that people more often concentrate on spatiotemporal than featural properties of the objects. In other words, location and direction of motion seem to be more informative properties than the stable featural characteristics. This finding contradicts some of our knowledge about cognitive system. Current research was done in attempt to specify the effect of featural characteristics, especially color and shape. In Experiment 1, subjects were asked to track four mobile targets presented with another four moving objects. After the motion has stopped, they had to mark the initial four targets. Our results have shown that participants pay more attention to the featural properties than to spatiotemporal characteristics. Since our task was more difficult than the tasks typically reported in the literature, the results might be interpreted as if the subjects relied mostly on attentional processes. The task in Experiment 2 was made even more difficult: the subjects were asked to direct attention on identity of every target. Consequently, the task demanded more complex cognitive processes and emphasizing effects of featural properties. Results suggest that color and shape does not have the same influences on multiple object tracking, but that color has more significant effect.

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Distractor Locations Influence Multiple Object Tracking Beyond Interobject Spacing

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169/a000283 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 170-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hauke S. Meyerhoff ◽

Frank Papenmeier ◽

Georg Jahn ◽

Markus Huff

Keyword(s):

Object Tracking ◽

Target Tracking ◽

Moving Objects ◽

Multiple Object Tracking ◽

Tracking Performance ◽

Displacement Effect ◽

Inhibitory Processes ◽

Multiple Object ◽

Displacement Angle

Human observers are able to keep track of several independently moving objects among other objects. Within theories of multiple object tracking (MOT), distractors are assumed to influence tracking performance only by their distance toward the next target. In order to test this assumption, we designed a variant of the MOT paradigm that involved spatially arranged target-distractor pairs and sudden displacements of distractors during a brief flash. Critically, these displacements maintained target-distractor spacing. Our results show that displacing distractors hurts tracking performance (Experiment 1). Importantly, target-distractor confusions occur within target-distractor pairs with displaced distractors (Experiment 2). This displacement effect increases with an increasing displacement angle (Experiment 3) but is equal at different distances between target and distractor (Experiment 4). This finding illustrates that distractors influence tracking performance beyond pure interobject spacing. We discuss how inhibitory processes as well as relations between targets and distractors might interfere with target tracking.

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0254 The Effects of Chronic Sleep Restriction on Multiple Object Tracking

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.252 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A97-A97

Author(s):

G Costedoat ◽

C S Feria ◽

S Pradhan ◽

L S Stone ◽

E E Flynn-Evans

Keyword(s):

Object Tracking ◽

Moving Objects ◽

Multiple Object Tracking ◽

Sleep Restriction ◽

Naval Research ◽

Attentional Processing ◽

Air Traffic Controllers ◽

Multiple Object ◽

Office Of Naval Research ◽

Chronic Sleep

Abstract Introduction The ability to simultaneously track numerous moving objects in the presence of irrelevant stimuli is essential for successfully carrying out a variety of tasks. Sleep loss impairs neurocognitive functioning and, as a result, attentional processing capacity is reduced. The objective of the current study was to determine if performance on the multiple object tracking (MOT) task was adversely impacted by a week of chronic sleep restriction (CSR). Methods Twelve healthy participants (6 males, 6 females) kept a fixed sleep-wake schedule, with a constant waketime, at home for four weeks (actigraphy confirmed compliance). During weeks one and three, participants maintained 9 hours in bed. During weeks two and four, participants were randomly assigned to 5 and 9 hours of sleep. Following weeks two and four, participants completed a 13-hour laboratory visit under dim light (< 15 lux), where they maintained a constant posture and were provided with hourly isocaloric snacks. MOT was presented at approximately 6 and 8 hours after waking. Participants were required to track four, five, or six moving targets in the presence of identical distractors (always 12 total objects). Results Participants slept significantly less when assigned to 5 (M = 4.43 hours, SD = 0.33 hours), compared to 9 hours of sleep (M = 7.42 hours, SD = 0.42 hours; F (1, 22) = 206.89, p = 0.00). The proportion of correct MOT responses was significantly lower following 5 (M = 0.70, SD = 0.15) compared to 9 hours of sleep (M = 0.77, SD = 0.12; F (1, 22) = 10.29, p < .05). Conclusion A week of CSR adversely impacted MOT performance compared to a week of sleep satiation. These findings have implications for individuals, such as air traffic controllers and truck drivers, who must visually track multiple moving objects, often while chronically sleep deprived. Support Supported by the Force Health Protection Program of the Office of Naval Research (SAA2402925-1, Contract Award no. N0001418IP00050).

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Multiple-Object Tracking

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169/a000085 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 196-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

K. Botterill ◽

R. Allen ◽

P. McGeorge

Keyword(s):

Object Tracking ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

Spatial Location ◽

Multiple Object Tracking ◽

Tracking Performance ◽

Multiple Object

The Multiple-Object Tracking paradigm has most commonly been utilized to investigate how subsets of targets can be tracked from among a set of identical objects. Recently, this research has been extended to examine the function of featural information when tracking is of objects that can be individuated. We report on a study whose findings suggest that, while participants can only hold featural information for roughly two targets this task does not affect tracking performance detrimentally and points to a discontinuity between the cognitive processes that subserve spatial location and featural information.

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