Empidonax minimus: BirdLife International

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Keyword(s):  
2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Tarof ◽  
James V. Briskie
Keyword(s):  

The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Rodewald ◽  
Stephen N. Matthews

Abstract Stopover habitat relationships of landbirds are not well known and this constitutes a shortcoming in conservation plans for migratory birds. We compared migrant use of mature upland and riparian forests during spring in an urbanizing landscape within central Ohio. We surveyed stopover migrants along 250-m transects, and quantified both local- and landscape-level habitat characteristics (percent urban and forest land). During spring stopover, migrant abundance was 86% and 118% higher in upland forests for Nearctic-Neotropical transient (long-distance migrants) and temperate transients (short-distance migrants), respectively. Of 27 transient species, 22 species differed in their use of riparian and upland forests, and 20 of those were most abundant in upland forest (e.g., Blue-headed Vireo [Vireo solitarius], Least Flycatcher [Empidonax minimus], Swainson's Thrush [Catharus ustulatus], Nashville Warbler [Vermivora ruficapilla], Magnolia Warbler [Dendroica magnolia], Bay-breasted Warbler [D. castanea], and Ovenbird [Seiurus aurocapillus]). Species richness was 58% and 75% higher in upland forests relative to riparian forests for Neotropical transient and temperate transient groups, respectively. Percent urbanization within 1 km was unrelated to abundance of Neotropical transients and temperate transients. Abundance of Neotropical transients and temperate transients was unrelated to percent forest cover within 1 km. Mature upland and riparian forests differed in that riparian sites had lower percentage of shrub cover, higher percentage of canopy cover, and different species composition of trees. Abundance of Neotropical transients was positively associated with mean canopy height; temperate transients were positively associated with mean number of trees >38 cm DBH and mean percentage of shrub cover. Our data indicate that mature upland forests were more heavily used by migrating landbirds than riparian forests within an urbanizing Midwestern landscape and may represent valuable habitats for the conservation of migratory landbirds within highly fragmented landscapes. Uso de Bosques Riparios y de Llanuras por Aves Terrestres como Hábitats de Paradas Migratorias en un Paisaje Urbano Resumen. Las relaciones de los hábitats que sirven como paradas migratorias para las aves terrestres no están bien conocidas, y esto constituye una deficiencia en los planes de conservación de las aves migratorias. Comparamos el uso de bosques maduros de llanuras y de bosques riparios por parte de aves migratorias durante la primavera en un paisaje que está siendo urbanizado en Ohio central. Registramos aves migratorias en las paradas de migración a lo largo de transectos de 250 m y cuantificamos las características del hábitat tanto a nivel local como a nivel del paisaje (porcentaje de cobertura urbana y de bosque). Durante la parada migratoria de primavera, la abundancia de las aves migratorias en bosques de llanura fue un 86% mayor para las aves transitorias del Neártico-Neotrópico (aves migratorias de larga distancia) y un 118% mayor para las aves transitorias templadas (aves migratorias de corta distancia). De 27 especies transitorias, 22 especies se diferenciaron en su uso de bosque ripario y de llanura, y 20 de éstas fueron más abundantes en bosques de llanura (e.g., Vireo solitarius, Empidonax minimus, Catharus ustulatus, Vermivora ruficapilla, Dendroica magnolia, D. castanea, Seiurus aurocapillus). La riqueza de especies en bosques de llanura con relación a el bosque ripario fue un 58% mayor para los grupos de aves transitorias Neotropicales y un 75% mayor para las aves transitorias templadas. El porcentaje de cobertura de urbanización en un radio de 1 km no se relacionó con la abundancia de aves transitorias Neotropicales ni con las transitorias templadas. La abundancia de las aves transitorias Neotropicales y templadas no se relacionó con la cobertura de bosque dentro de un radio de 1 km. Los bosques maduros de llanura y los bosques riparios se diferenciaron en que los sitios de bosque ripario tuvieron menor cobertura de arbustos, una mayor cobertura de dosel y una composición de especies de árboles diferente. La abundancia de las aves transitorias Neotropicales se relacionó positivamente con la altura promedio del dosel, mientras que las aves transitorias templadas se relacionaron positivamente con el número promedio de árboles con DAP >38 cm y con la cobertura promedio de arbustos. Nuestros datos indican que los bosques maduros de llanuras fueron utilizados con mayor intensidad por aves migratorias terrestres que los bosques riparios en un paisaje urbanizado del medio-oeste, y que estos bosques pueden representar un tipo de hábitat valioso para la conservación de las aves migratorias terrestres en un paisaje altamente fragmentado.


2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (11) ◽  
pp. 981-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal Gagnon ◽  
Keith A. Hobson

Several species of North American migratory songbirds undergo seasonal diet shifts from insects to fruits, but this phenomenon is poorly quantified. Measurement of naturally occurring stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) are linked to sources of diets and trophic level, respectively. We used stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analyses of blood and claw tissues of 16 species of migratory songbirds to evaluate the timing and extent of frugivory over different periods. Species differed considerably in their tissue δ15N values, but we found poor isotopic segregation of species according to our a priori classifications as insectivores or omnivores. Season accounted for considerable variance in tissue δ15N values. However, only American Robin ( Turdus migratorius L., 1766), Northern Oriole ( Icterus galbula (L., 1758)), Gray Catbird ( Dumetella carolinensis (L., 1766)), Least Flycatcher ( Empidonax minimus (W.M. Baird and S.F. Baird, 1843)), and Warbling Vireo ( Vireo gilvus (Vieillot, 1808)) showed expected decrease in winter-grown tissue δ15N values compared with those grown in late summer. This indicates either that our a priori guild associations were incorrect and (or) that using stable isotopes to track frugivory at continental scales is problematic. We recommend that the isotope technique be used to track frugivory only in well-constrained systems where food-web δ15N follows reliable and understood trophic enrichment patterns.


The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 756-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan F. Perry ◽  
David E. Andersen

AbstractLeast Flycatchers (Empidonax minimus) often aggregate their territories, even though advantages of clustering are not apparent. In north-central Minnesota we investigated four potential reasons for clustered nesting in Least Flycatchers: (1) predator deterrence, (2) preferred habitat features, (3) greater food availability, and (4) competitive exclusion. In 1995 and 1996 we compared arthropod abundance, forest structure, and plant species composition inside and outside nine Least Flycatcher clusters. We also compared the response of forest birds to the presentation of a predator (Broad-winged Hawk [Buteo platypterus]), and used point counts to detect any exclusion of potential predators or competitors from the clusters. The predator deterrence hypothesis received the strongest support. In response to hawk presentations inside the clusters, 2.8 times more birds (all species combined) gave 5.8 times more alarm calls than outside, with differences due entirely to the presence of Least Flycatchers. In addition, birds responded to the hawk more quickly inside clusters. Minor differences in habitat seemed insufficient to produce such tight clustering. Neither all arthropods combined nor any of the five orders most frequently caught in sticky traps indicated greater food availability inside the clusters. Black-throated Green Warblers (Dendroica virens) were detected 2.2 to 5.4 times less frequently inside the clusters than outside, but they probably do not compete to a large degree with Least Flycatchers. The dramatic response of Least Flycatchers to the hawk presentations provides the first evidence that antipredator behavior may contribute to the clustering of their territories.Ventajas de la Nidificación en Grupo en Empidonax minimus en el Centro Norte de MinnesotaResumen. Los individuos de la especie Empidonax minimus a menudo agrupan sus territorios, a pesar de que no son aparentes las ventajas del agrupamiento. Investigamos cuatro posibles razones que podrían explicar el agrupamiento de nidos en E. minimus en el centro norte de Minnesota: (1) disuasión de depredadores, (2) uso de parches con características de hábitat preferidas, (3) mayor disponibilidad de alimento o (4) exclusión competitiva. En 1995 y 1996 comparamos la abundancia de artrópodos, estructura de hábitat y composición de especies de plantas dentro y fuera de nueve grupos de nidos de E. minimus. También comparamos la respuesta de aves de bosque ante la presentación de un depredador (Buteo platypterus) y realizamos conteos de punto para determinar exclusiones de potenciales depredadores o competidores de los agrupamientos. La hipótesis mejor apoyada fue la de disuasión de depredadores. Como respuesta a la presentación de un depredador dentro de un agrupamiento, 2.8 veces más aves (todas las especies combinadas) emitieron 5.8 veces más llamadas de alarma que fuera del agrupamiento. Las diferencias estuvieron dadas enteramente por la presencia de individuos de la especie E. minimus. Además, las aves respondieron con mayor rapidez a la presencia de un halcón dentro que fuera de los agrupamientos. La escasa diferencia entre hábitats pareció insuficiente para producir el fuerte agrupamiento observado. Ni todos los artrópodos combinados ni ninguno de los cinco órdenes que usualmente son atrapados con trampas pegajosas indicaron una mayor disponibilidad de alimento dentro del área de agrupamiento. Individuos de la especie Dendroica virens fueron 2.2 a 5.4 veces menos frecuentes dentro de los agrupamientos que fuera de ellos, aunque éstos probablemente no compiten en gran medida con E. minimus. La dramática respuesta por parte de E. minimus ante la presentación de un halcón provee la primera evidencia experimental de que el comportamiento antidepredatorio puede contribuir a la agrupación de territorios.


The Condor ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelvin F. Conrad ◽  
R. J. Robertson ◽  
P. T. Boag

Abstract We stored blood samples of Eastern Phoebes (Sayornis phoebe) in a lysis buffer (“QLB”) that has been used successfully to preserve blood samples of many other species. We found that although samples from adults were not affected greatly, samples of nestling blood stored for more than a few days did not reliably produce the quantity and quality of DNA useful for multi-locus DNA fingerprinting. We also were unable to extract usable DNA from blood samples collected from Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) nestlings, but obtained usable DNA from blood of Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus) nestlings stored for more than a year. We recommend that anyone planning DNA research with tyrant flycatchers should conduct their DNA extractions as soon as possible after collection. A pilot study to test methods of storage, preservation, and extraction may be necessary before beginning a large-scale project.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Tarof ◽  
James V. Briskie
Keyword(s):  

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 1917-1927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Bayne ◽  
Bruce Nielsen

Forest managers are continually seeking methods of extracting more timber from the land base while maintaining appropriate wildlife habitat. A 7-year before–after control–impact (BACI) experiment was conducted in 60-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon) to determine the effects of thinning on forest birds. One year of pretreatment data was compared with 6 years of posttreatment data. Using linear trend analysis corrected for detection error, we found that Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina (Bechstein, 1798)), Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis (Linnaeus, 1758)), and Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus (Linnaeus, 1766)) increased over time in thinned stands and declined in control stands. Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum Brewster, 1895), Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus (Pallas, 1811)), Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus (Linnaeus, 1766)), and Blue-headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius (Wilson, 1810)) decreased in control and thinned stands but declined more in controls. Varied Thrush (Ixoreus naevius (J. F. Gemlin, 1789)) and White-winged Crossbill (Loxia leucoptera Gemlin, 1789) increased in control stands relative to thinned areas, where they were stable or declined. A significant interaction between treatment and year was observed for 24 species when year was categorical. Of these, species more likely found in control stands were Boreal Chickadee (Poecile hudsonicus (J.R. Forster, 1772)), Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa Lichtenstein, 1823), and Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus (W.M. Baird & S.F. Baird, 1843)), whereas Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus (Linnaeus, 1766)), Tennessee Warbler (Vermivora peregrina (A. Wilson, 1811)), and Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus (Vieillot, 1808)) were more likely in thinned stands. Total bird abundance was higher in thinned stands, which is consistent with 83% of thinning studies in western coniferous forests. Thinning can be a useful tool for achieving wildlife management goals and increasing timber yields.


The Auk ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 1063-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Rodewald ◽  
Margaret C. Brittingham

AbstractStopover habitat quality may influence the abundance of migrant landbirds, yet little is known about how spatial and temporal changes in stopover habitat quality influence the use of habitats by migrant landbirds. From late April to late May, 1997–1999, we surveyed migrant landbirds within five habitats (early successional shrub-sapling-stage forest, midsuccessional pole-stage forest, mature forest interior, mature forest-agricultural edge, and mature suburban forest) in central Pennsylvania. To assess relative quality of stopover habitats, we measured species abundance, species richness, and foraging behavior of Yellow-rumped Warblers (Dendroica coronata). We measured vegetation structure and phenology to examine proximate cues of potential importance in habitat selection. Of nine transient (nonbreeding) species analyzed, seven-Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus), Nashville Warbler (Vermivora ruficapilla), Northern Parula (Parula americana), Magnolia Warbler (D. magnolia), Black-throated Blue Warbler (D. caerulescens), Yellow-rumped Warbler, and Blackpoll Warbler (D. striata)-were most abundant in mature forests, and especially edge-dominated mature forests (forest-agricultural edge and suburban forest). Habitats used by mature-forest-breeding transients changed between years, but edge-dominated forest types were used most frequently in all three years. Although canopy leaf development at mature forest sites showed little relationship to site use by mature-forest-breeding transients within weekly intervals, year-to-year differences in leaf phenology were consistent with year-to-year changes in habitat use by migrant landbirds. Foraging behavior of Yellow-rumped Warblers suggested higher food availability and quality in forest-agricultural edges, compared with suburban forest and forest interior. Mature-forest-breeding transients were positively associated with sites that had large trees (>38 cm diameter at breast height) and denser understory vegetation (stems 0–2.5 cm in diameter). Extensive use of mature edge-dominated forests by migrating forest birds during spring suggests that these habitats may be important for the conservation of migrant landbirds.Uso de Hábitat durante las Escalas Migratorias por Aves Migratorias Terrestres: el Papel de la Estructura del Hábitat, el Desarrollo de las Hojas y la Disponibilidad de Alimento


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