The Impact of Industrial Decentralization on the Gendered Journey to Work, 1900-1940

This paper explores the relationship between spatial structure and spatial interaction at the intraurban level. To examine this relationship an experimental framework is designed based on the application of a doubly constrained entropy-type gravity model to journey-to-work data for twenty-four Canadian urban areas. The study demonstrates that distance-decay exponents are strongly influenced by geographic structure and the geometry of origins and destinations. As such, both the influence of map pattern and the friction of distance should be explicitly incorporated into spatial interaction models. The paper also explores the impact of city size and the nature of the economic base of the urban area upon distance-decay exponents.

Download Full-text

The Impact of Decentralization on the Journey-to-Work and Pollution

Economic Geography ◽

10.2307/143028 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 63 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Joel L. Naroff ◽

Bart David Ostro

Keyword(s):

Journey To Work ◽

The Impact

Download Full-text

The impact of urban sprawl on journey to work times for mass transit and all other commuters in the United States: A research note

Journal of Transportation Management ◽

10.22237/jotm/1451606700 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 59-68

Author(s):

Thomas E Lambert ◽

Hokey Min ◽

Kyle Dorriere

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Urban Sprawl ◽

Local Level ◽

Mass Transit ◽

The United States ◽

Research Note ◽

Transit System ◽

Transit Systems ◽

Journey To Work ◽

The Impact

As government budgets get tighter, there has been considerable public outcry about the continued investment in public mass transit systems and their financial viability. Amid this outcry, a number of studies have been conducted to determine which factors influence the use and efficiency of publiclyfunded mass transit systems. These factors include population density and less sprawl (or greater urban compactness). However, their impact on mass transit usage is somewhat contradictory in that the heavy concentration of populations in the urban area and greater compactness is believed to increase mass transit usage due to a bigger number of potential passengers. In fact, greater compactness and greater transit ridership have played a role in lengthening the journey to work for most commuters and thus discouraged the use of mass transit systems. Thus, some questioned the wisdom of mass transit subsidies and “smart growth” policies. To attempt to answer this question and avoid any further confusion, this paper examines how urban sprawl affects the journey to work commute time of mass transit riders and other commuters throughout the United States after controlling for variables such as the volume of ridership, local per capita income, the presence of a local rail transit system, and local weather. The findings for this research note defy some conventional wisdom and point to several public policy recommendations on how to improve public mass transit at the local level. For instance, we find that greater urban compactness can be turned into a mass transit advantage if mass transit riders can use a commuter rail option.

Download Full-text

Journey to work: Exploring difficulties, solutions, and the impact of aging

International Journal of Sustainable Transportation ◽

10.1080/15568318.2015.1014529 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 541-551 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rachel Talbot ◽

Lucy Rackliff ◽

Colette Nicolle ◽

Martin Maguire ◽

Rebecca Mallaband

Keyword(s):

Journey To Work ◽

The Impact

Download Full-text

Formation of Lunar Craters and Bright Rays as a Result of Meteorite Impacts

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900178404 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 415-418

Author(s):

K. P. Stanyukovich ◽

V. A. Bronshten

Keyword(s):

Explosive Charge ◽

The Moon ◽

Meteorite Impacts ◽

The Earth ◽

Lunar Craters ◽

The Impact

The phenomena accompanying the impact of large meteorites on the surface of the Moon or of the Earth can be examined on the basis of the theory of explosive phenomena if we assume that, instead of an exploding meteorite moving inside the rock, we have an explosive charge (equivalent in energy), situated at a certain distance under the surface.

Download Full-text

The Geosciences Applied to Lunar Exploration

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900178222 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 169-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J. Green

Keyword(s):

Lunar Surface ◽

Probable Mechanism ◽

Point Of View ◽

Lunar Exploration ◽

Geological Model ◽

Apply Geophysics ◽

Surface Features ◽

The Impact

The term geo-sciences has been used here to include the disciplines geology, geophysics and geochemistry. However, in order to apply geophysics and geochemistry effectively one must begin with a geological model. Therefore, the science of geology should be used as the basis for lunar exploration. From an astronomical point of view, a lunar terrain heavily impacted with meteors appears the more reasonable; although from a geological standpoint, volcanism seems the more probable mechanism. A surface liberally marked with volcanic features has been advocated by such geologists as Bülow, Dana, Suess, von Wolff, Shaler, Spurr, and Kuno. In this paper, both the impact and volcanic hypotheses are considered in the application of the geo-sciences to manned lunar exploration. However, more emphasis is placed on the volcanic, or more correctly the defluidization, hypothesis to account for lunar surface features.

Download Full-text

Asteroid and Comet Impact Speeds upon Mars: Significance for Panspermia and the Supply of Organics

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100014718 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 161 ◽

pp. 197-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Duncan Steel

Keyword(s):

Probability Distributions ◽

Regions Of Interest ◽

Significant Fraction ◽

Organic Chemicals ◽

Impact Speed ◽

The Mean ◽

The Impact

AbstractWhilst lithopanspermia depends upon massive impacts occurring at a speed above some limit, the intact delivery of organic chemicals or other volatiles to a planet requires the impact speed to be below some other limit such that a significant fraction of that material escapes destruction. Thus the two opposite ends of the impact speed distributions are the regions of interest in the bioastronomical context, whereas much modelling work on impacts delivers, or makes use of, only the mean speed. Here the probability distributions of impact speeds upon Mars are calculated for (i) the orbital distribution of known asteroids; and (ii) the expected distribution of near-parabolic cometary orbits. It is found that cometary impacts are far more likely to eject rocks from Mars (over 99 percent of the cometary impacts are at speeds above 20 km/sec, but at most 5 percent of the asteroidal impacts); paradoxically, the objects impacting at speeds low enough to make organic/volatile survival possible (the asteroids) are those which are depleted in such species.

Download Full-text

Organic Syntheses During the Impact of a Comet with a Gaseous Planet

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100014706 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 161 ◽

pp. 189-195

Author(s):

Cesare Guaita ◽

Roberto Crippa ◽

Federico Manzini

Keyword(s):

Polymeric Material ◽

Molecular Form ◽

Parent Compound ◽

Blue Filter ◽

Organic Syntheses ◽

The Impact

AbstractA large amount of CO has been detected above many SL9/Jupiter impacts. This gas was never detected before the collision. So, in our opinion, CO was released from a parent compound during the collision. We identify this compound as POM (polyoxymethylene), a formaldehyde (HCHO) polymer that, when suddenly heated, reformes monomeric HCHO. At temperatures higher than 1200°K HCHO cannot exist in molecular form and the most probable result of its decomposition is the formation of CO. At lower temperatures, HCHO can react with NH3 and/or HCN to form high UV-absorbing polymeric material. In our opinion, this kind of material has also to be taken in to account to explain the complex evolution of some SL9 impacts that we observed in CCD images taken with a blue filter.

Download Full-text