Asteroid and Comet Impact Speeds upon Mars: Significance for Panspermia and the Supply of Organics

Regions Of Interest ◽

Significant Fraction ◽

Organic Chemicals ◽

Impact Speed ◽

The Mean ◽

AbstractWhilst lithopanspermia depends upon massive impacts occurring at a speed above some limit, the intact delivery of organic chemicals or other volatiles to a planet requires the impact speed to be below some other limit such that a significant fraction of that material escapes destruction. Thus the two opposite ends of the impact speed distributions are the regions of interest in the bioastronomical context, whereas much modelling work on impacts delivers, or makes use of, only the mean speed. Here the probability distributions of impact speeds upon Mars are calculated for (i) the orbital distribution of known asteroids; and (ii) the expected distribution of near-parabolic cometary orbits. It is found that cometary impacts are far more likely to eject rocks from Mars (over 99 percent of the cometary impacts are at speeds above 20 km/sec, but at most 5 percent of the asteroidal impacts); paradoxically, the objects impacting at speeds low enough to make organic/volatile survival possible (the asteroids) are those which are depleted in such species.

Analysis of a Discrete-Time Queueing Model with Disasters

Mathematics ◽

10.3390/math9243283 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (24) ◽

pp. 3283

Author(s):

Mustafa Demircioglu ◽

Herwig Bruneel ◽

Sabine Wittevrongel

Keyword(s):

Discrete Time ◽

Queueing System ◽

Time Slot ◽

Single Server ◽

Bernoulli Process ◽

Tail Probabilities ◽

Mean Values ◽

The Mean ◽

Queueing models with disasters can be used to evaluate the impact of a breakdown or a system reset in a service facility. In this paper, we consider a discrete-time single-server queueing system with general independent arrivals and general independent service times and we study the effect of the occurrence of disasters on the queueing behavior. Disasters occur independently from time slot to time slot according to a Bernoulli process and result in the simultaneous removal of all customers from the queueing system. General probability distributions are allowed for both the number of customer arrivals during a slot and the length of the service time of a customer (expressed in slots). Using a two-dimensional Markovian state description of the system, we obtain expressions for the probability, generating functions, the mean values, variances and tail probabilities of both the system content and the sojourn time of an arbitrary customer under a first-come-first-served policy. The customer loss probability due to a disaster occurrence is derived as well. Some numerical illustrations are given.

Comparative statistical analysis of simulated ice management effectiveness

Safety in Extreme Environments ◽

10.1007/s42797-019-00010-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 79-91

Author(s):

Amy Price ◽

Maria Yulmetova ◽

Sarah Khalil

Keyword(s):

Confidence Intervals ◽

Management Effectiveness ◽

Distribution Fitting ◽

Management Performance ◽

Distance Ratio ◽

The Mean ◽

Comparative Statistical Analysis ◽

Level Of Experience ◽

AbstractIce management is critical for safe and efficient operations in ice-covered waters; thus, it is important to understand the impact of the operator’s experience in effective ice management performance. This study evaluated the confidence intervals of the mean and probability distributions of two different sample groups, novice cadets and experienced seafarers, to evaluate if there was a difference in effective ice management depending on the operator’s level of experience. The ice management effectiveness, in this study, is represented by the “clearing-to-distance ratio” that is the ratio between the area of cleared ice (km2) and the distance travelled by an ice management vessel (km) to maintain that cleared area. The data analysed in this study was obtained from a recent study conducted by Memorial University’s “Safety at Sea” research group. With the distribution fitting analysis providing inconclusive results regarding the normality of the data, the confidence intervals of the dataset means were obtained using both parametric approaches, such as t-test, Cox’s method, and Johnson t-approach, and non-parametric methods, namely Jackknife and Bootstrap methods, to examine if the assumption of normality was valid. The comparison of the obtained confidence interval results demonstrates that the mean efficiency of the cadets is more consistent, while it is more varied among seafarers. The noticeable difference in ice management performance between the cadet and seafarer sample groups is revealed, thus, proving that crew experience positively influences ice management effectiveness.

Carbon Cycle Uncertainty in REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP)

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-9-2889-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 2889-2904 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

I. G. Enting ◽

P. J. Rayner ◽

P. Ciais

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Carbon Cycle ◽

Location Parameter ◽

Carbon Budgets ◽

Space And Time ◽

Full Form ◽

The Mean ◽

Almost All ◽

Abstract. Characterisation of estimates of regional carbon budgets and processes is inherently a statistical task. In full form this means that almost all quantities used or produced are realizations or instances of probability distributions. We usually compress the description of these distributions by using some kind of location parameter (e.g. the mean) and some measure of spread or uncertainty (e.g. the standard deviation). Characterising and calculating these uncertainties, and their structure in space and time, is as important as the location parameter, but uncertainties are both hard to calculate and hard to interpret. In this paper we describe the various classes of uncertainty that arise in a process like RECCAP and describe how they interact in formal estimation procedures. We also point out the impact these uncertainties will have on the various RECCAP synthesis activities.

Probability Distribution Characteristics for Surface Air–Sea Turbulent Heat Fluxes over the Global Ocean

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/2011jcli4211.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 184-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Sergey K. Gulev ◽

Konstantin Belyaev

Keyword(s):

Probability Density ◽

Interannual Variability ◽

Heat Fluxes ◽

Western Boundary ◽

Turbulent Heat ◽

Boundary Current ◽

Turbulent Heat Fluxes ◽

The Mean ◽

Abstract To analyze the probability density distributions of surface turbulent heat fluxes, the authors apply the two-parametric modified Fisher–Tippett (MFT) distribution to the sensible and latent turbulent heat fluxes recomputed from 6-hourly NCEP–NCAR reanalysis state variables for the period from 1948 to 2008. They derived the mean climatology and seasonal cycle of the location and scale parameters of the MFT distribution. Analysis of the parameters of probability distributions identified the areas where similar surface turbulent fluxes are determined by the very different shape of probability density functions. Estimated extreme turbulent heat fluxes amount to 1500–2000 W m−2 (for the 99th percentile) and can exceed 2000 W m−2 for higher percentiles in the subpolar latitudes and western boundary current regions. Analysis of linear trends and interannual variability in the mean and extreme fluxes shows that the strongest trends in extreme fluxes (more than 15 W m−2 decade−1) in the western boundary current regions are associated with the changes in the shape of distribution. In many regions changes in extreme fluxes may be different from those for the mean fluxes at interannual and decadal time scales. The correlation between interannual variability of the mean and extreme fluxes is relatively low in the tropics, the Southern Ocean, and the Kuroshio Extension region. Analysis of probability distributions in turbulent fluxes has also been used in assessing the impact of sampling errors in the Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS)-based surface flux climatologies, allowed for the estimation of the impact of sampling in extreme fluxes. Although sampling does not have a visible systematic effect on mean fluxes, sampling uncertainties result in the underestimation of extreme flux values exceeding 100 W m−2 in poorly sampled regions.

On Effect of Model Parameters on Departure Process in a Production System with Failures

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.927 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1036 ◽

pp. 927-932 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wojciech M. Kempa ◽

Iwona Paprocka ◽

Cezary Grabowik ◽

Krzysztof Kalinowski

Keyword(s):

Distributed Processing ◽

Fixed Time ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Exponential Distributions ◽

Departure Process ◽

System Of Integral Equations ◽

Manufacturing Line ◽

The Mean ◽

A queueing system of the M/M/1/N type with cyclic failure-free and repair times is used as a model of a single-machine manufacturing line. Jobs arrive according to a Poisson process and are being served with exponentially distributed processing time. Successive working (failure-free) and repair times have exponential distributions, too. Basing on a system of integral equations for double transforms of conditional probability distributions of the number of jobs completely processed before the fixed time (departure process), comprehensive numerical analysis of the impact of system parameters on the mean number of departures before the fixed epoch T>0 is carried out.

RECCAP uncertainty

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-9-1829-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 1829-1868 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

I. G. Enting ◽

P. J. Rayner ◽

P. Ciais

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Location Parameter ◽

Carbon Budgets ◽

Space And Time ◽

Estimation Procedures ◽

Full Form ◽

The Mean ◽

Almost All ◽

Abstract. Characterisation of regional carbon budgets and processes (the overall task addressed in this series of articles) is inherently a statistical task. In full form this means that almost all quantities used or produced are realizations or instances of probability distributions. We usually compress the description of these distributions by using some kind of location parameter (e.g. the mean) and some measure of spread or uncertainty (e.g. the standard deviation). Characterising and calculating these uncertainties, and their structure in space and time, is as important as the location parameter but uncertainties are both harder to calculate and harder to interpret. In this paper we describe the various classes of uncertainty that arise in a process like RECCAP and describe how they interact in formal estimation procedures. We also point out the impact these uncertainties will have on the various RECCAP synthesis activities.

Sound Production Treatment for Acquired Apraxia of Speech: An Examination of Dosage in Relation to Probe Performance

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/2020_ajslp-19-00110 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

Julie L. Wambaugh ◽

Lydia Kallhoff ◽

Christina Nessler

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Analysis ◽

Sound Production ◽

Apraxia Of Speech ◽

Practice Schedule ◽

Practice Schedules ◽

Baseline Performance ◽

The Mean ◽

Number Of Treatment ◽

Purpose This study was designed to examine the association of dosage and effects of Sound Production Treatment (SPT) for acquired apraxia of speech. Method Treatment logs and probe data from 20 speakers with apraxia of speech and aphasia were submitted to a retrospective analysis. The number of treatment sessions and teaching episodes was examined relative to (a) change in articulation accuracy above baseline performance, (b) mastery of production, and (c) maintenance. The impact of practice schedule (SPT-Blocked vs. SPT-Random) was also examined. Results The average number of treatment sessions conducted prior to change was 5.4 for SPT-Blocked and 3.9 for SPT-Random. The mean number of teaching episodes preceding change was 334 for SPT-Blocked and 179 for SPT-Random. Mastery occurred within an average of 13.7 sessions (1,252 teaching episodes) and 12.4 sessions (1,082 teaching episodes) for SPT-Blocked and SPT-Random, respectively. Comparisons of dosage metric values across practice schedules did not reveal substantial differences. Significant negative correlations were found between follow-up probe performance and the dosage metrics. Conclusions Only a few treatment sessions were needed to achieve initial positive changes in articulation, with mastery occurring within 12–14 sessions for the majority of participants. Earlier occurrence of change or mastery was associated with better follow-up performance. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12592190

Impact of changing rainfall conditions on surface and groundwater resources in an experimental watershed in Greece

Global NEST Journal ◽

10.30955/gnj.000563 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 119-125

Keyword(s):

Groundwater Resources ◽

Annual Runoff ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Rainfall Regime ◽

Winter Rainfall ◽

Rainfall Depth ◽

Rainfall Volume ◽

The Mean ◽

Groundwater Reserves ◽

The present study concerns the impact of a change in the rainfall regime on surface and groundwater resources in an experimental watershed. The research is conducted in a gauged mountainous watershed (15.18 km2) that is located on the eastern side of Penteli Mountain, in the prefecture of Attica, Greece and the study period concerns the years from 2003 to 2008. The decrease in the annual rainfall depth during the last two hydrological years 2006-2007, 2007-2008 is 10% and 35%, respectively, in relation to the average of the previous years. In addition, the monthly distribution of rainfall is characterized by a distinct decrease in winter rainfall volume. The field measurements show that this change in rainfall conditions has a direct impact on the surface runoff of the watershed, as well as on the groundwater reserves. The mean annual runoff in the last two hydrological years has decreased by 56% and 75% in relation to the average of the previous years. Moreover, the groundwater level follows a declining trend and has dropped significantly in the last two years.

(Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.12150 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Natalia Banasik ◽

Dariusz Jemielniak ◽

Wojciech P?dzich

Keyword(s):

Medical Condition ◽

Extended Period ◽

Well Being ◽

Marginal Effect ◽

Life Duration ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Academic Teachers ◽

Length Of Life ◽

BACKGROUND There have been mixed results of the studies checking whether prayers do actually extend the life duration of the people prayed for. Most studies on the topic included a small number of prayers and most of them focused on people already struggling with a medical condition. Intercessory prayer’s influence on health is of scholarly interest, yet it is unclear if its effect may be dependent on the number of prayers for a named individual received per annum. OBJECTIVE We sought to examine if there is a noticeable increased longevity effect of intercessory prayer for a named individual’s well-being, if he receives a very high number of prayers per annum for an extended period. METHODS We retrieved and conducted a statistical analysis of the data about the length of life for 857 Roman Catholic bishops, 500 Catholic priests, and 3038 male academics from the US, France, Italy, Poland, Brazil, and Mexico. We obtained information for these individuals who died between 1988 and 2018 from Wikidata, and conducted an observational cohort study. Bishops were chosen for the study, as they receive millions of individual prayers for well being, according to conservative estimates. RESULTS There was a main effect for occupation F(2, 4391) = 4.07, p = .017, ηp 2 = .002, with pairwise comparisons indicating significant differences between the mean life duration of bishops (M=30489) and of priests (M=29894), but none between the academic teachers (M=30147) and either of the other groups. A comparison analysis between bishops from the largest and the smallest dioceses showed no significant difference t(67.31)=1.61, p = .11. Our main outcome measure is covariance of the mean length of life in each of the categories: bishops, priests, academic teachers, controlled for nationality. CONCLUSIONS The first analysis proved that bishops live longer than priests, but due to a marginal effect size this result should be treated with caution. No difference was found between the mean length of life of bishops from the largest and the smallest dioceses. We found no difference between bishops and male academics. These results show that the impact of intercessory prayers on longevity is not observable.

Mean Empirical Likelihood Inference for Response Mean with Data Missing at Random

Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society ◽

10.1155/2020/8893594 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Hanji He ◽

Guangming Deng

Keyword(s):

Empirical Likelihood ◽

Missing At Random ◽

Confidence Regions ◽

Likelihood Inference ◽

High Dimensional ◽

Finite Sample ◽

The Mean ◽

Data Missing ◽

Consistency And Asymptotic Normality ◽

We extend the mean empirical likelihood inference for response mean with data missing at random. The empirical likelihood ratio confidence regions are poor when the response is missing at random, especially when the covariate is high-dimensional and the sample size is small. Hence, we develop three bias-corrected mean empirical likelihood approaches to obtain efficient inference for response mean. As to three bias-corrected estimating equations, we get a new set by producing a pairwise-mean dataset. The method can increase the size of the sample for estimation and reduce the impact of the dimensional curse. Consistency and asymptotic normality of the maximum mean empirical likelihood estimators are established. The finite sample performance of the proposed estimators is presented through simulation, and an application to the Boston Housing dataset is shown.