Soil Relative Dating of Moraine and Outwash-Terrace Sequences in the Northern Part of the Upper Arkansas Valley, Central Colorado, U.S.A.

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R. Nelson ◽  
Ralph R. Shroba
Keyword(s):  
Relative Dating

Propertius, Greek Myth, and Virgil

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Heslin
Keyword(s):  
Near Neighbour ◽  
Greek Myth ◽  
Relative Dating ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
The Military ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Fourth Book

This book develops a new interpretation of Propertius’ use of Greek myth and of his relationship to Virgil, working out the implications of a revised relative dating of the two poets’ early works. It begins by examining from an intertextual perspective all of the mythological references in the first book of Propertius. Mythological allegory emerges as the vehicle for a polemic against Virgil over the question of which of them would be the standard-bearer for Alexandrian poetry at Rome. Virgil began the debate with elegy by creating a quasi-mythological figure out of Cornelius Gallus, and Propertius responded in kind: his Milanion, Hylas and several of his own Galluses respond primarily to Virgil’s Gallus. In the Georgics, Virgil’s Aristaeus and Orpheus are, in part, a response to Propertius; Propertius then responds in his second book via his own conception of Orpheus and Adonis. The polemic then took a different direction, in the light of Virgil’s announcement of his intention to write an epic for Octavian. Virgilian pastoral was no longer the antithesis of elegy, but its near neighbour. Propertius critiqued Virgil’s turn to epic in mythological terms throughout his second book, while also developing a new line of attack. Beginning in his second book and intensifying in his third, Propertius insinuated that Virgil’s epic in progress would turn out to be a tedious neo-Ennian annalistic epic on the military exploits of Augustus. In his fourth book, Propertius finally acknowledged the published Aeneid as a masterpiece; but by then Virgil’s death had brought an end to the fierce rivalry that had shaped Propertius’ career as a poet.

Phosphate retention: Relative dating of holocene soil development

CATENA ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.F. Gellatly
Keyword(s):  
Soil Development ◽  
Relative Dating ◽  
Phosphate Retention

scholarly journals Combination of a Green and a Traditional Method for Estimating Relative and Absolute Ink Age: A Case Study of Ballpoint Pen Ink Dating in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Anh Duc Hoang ◽  
Minh Binh Tu ◽  
Thi Thao Ta ◽  
Manh Hung Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Violet ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Raman Spectrometry ◽  
Acceptable Error ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Relative Dating ◽  
Examination Methods ◽  
Absolute Age ◽  
Green Technique ◽  
Layer Chromatography

The dating of ink in questioned documents remains a significant challenge in forensic investigations in Vietnam and other countries. Many forensic examination methods have been usually applied to ensure the highest accuracy of the assessment results while maintaining high environment awareness. In this study, paper characteristics were physically tested to confirm source similarity, and the relative ink dating was established by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Absolute ink dating by solvent and dye identification was performed by Raman spectrometry—a green technique, using a time-dependent degradation model for crystal violet and the comparison between 2-phenoxyethanol peak intensities. We found that the relative dating of the questioned document was 14 ± 3 months lesser than that of the reference samples, i.e., the absolute age of the questioned samples was estimated to be 24 ± 3 months. The combination of the conventional HPTLC method with the dynamic crystal violet degradation Raman model provides promising results for relative and absolute ink dating of ballpoint pens, which can be applied for documents written 1–15 years prior to the time of examination. The combination of the abovementioned methods demonstrated an acceptable error margin, affording highly practical applications in modern forensic science.

Apercu sur le Quaternaire de Salvador (Amerique centrale)

1961 ◽  
Vol S7-III (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Jean Tricart
Keyword(s):  
El Salvador ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Explosive Activity ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Volcanic Region ◽  
Relative Dating ◽  
Late Tertiary

Abstract El Salvador is essentially a volcanic region in which an older, presumably late Tertiary, complex of andesite and basalt flows and breccias and younger, more acid Quaternary rocks are represented. Following a long period of inactivity during which the Tertiary volcanic masses were considerably eroded, episodic explosive activity occurred in the Quaternary, accompanied by the formation of extensive calderas and ejection of considerable ash. Paleosols were developed in the intervals between explosions, which permit relative dating of the successive episodes. The last stages of activity were characterized by extrusion of mud flows, torrential gullying, and deposition of thick piedmont detrital beds accompanied by reworking of volcanic ash which was redeposited in dammed lakes and other depressions. The development of calcareous crusts in places constitutes evidence of significant climatic fluctuations. There is also evidence of differential subsidence in coastal areas.

Archaeogeophysical Exploration

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Herz ◽  
Ervan G. Garrison
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Spatial Context ◽  
Site Formation ◽  
Major Aspect ◽  
Relative Dating ◽  
Geophysical Techniques ◽  
Cross Fertilization

Geophysical techniques are a commonplace tool in today's archaeology as a result of an extensive collaboration between scientists and archaeologists on both sides of the Atlantic. This "cross-fertilization" has produced growing subdisciplines, of which archaeological geophysics is one example. As may be recalled from our introductory chapter, K. Butzer defined geoarchaeology as archaeology done using a geological methodology. G. Rapp and J. A. Gifford describe archaeological geology as the use of geological techniques to solve archaeological problems. Fagan has called geoarchaeology a "far wider enterprise than geology," involving (1) geochemical and geophysical techniques to locate sites and features; (2) studies of site formation and spatial context; (3) geomorphology, palynology, paleobotany; (4) absolute and relative dating procedures; and (5) taphonomic studies. Archaeological geophysics is a major aspect of archaeological geology. The application of geophysical exploration techniques in archaeology is also known as archaeogeophysics. Geophysical methods of potential usefulness to archaeological geology fall within the following classes: 1. seismic: reflection/refraction 2. electrical & electromagnetic: resistivity and conductivity 3. magnetic 4. radar 5. microgravity 6. thermography All have been used on a variety of archaeological problems. The application of geophysical techniques has grown as (1) the access to the instruments and (2) the methodological understanding of the users have increased. Access to geophysical instrumentation has been made easier by the steady development in solid-state design and computerization, which has reduced size and costs as it has in almost every technical field. The beneficiaries are the geologists and archaeologists. The first to recognize the applicability of geophysical methods to archaeology were the geologists—more specifically, the geophysicists. Working in association with their archaeological colleagues, the earth scientists translated the objectives of the archaeologists into practice. Such cooperation was very productive but suffered from the same kinds of problems that dogged the early usage and acceptance of radiocarbon dating. The archaeologists' untutored enthusiasm, coupled with their lack of a true understanding of the physics and atmospheric chemistry inherent in that technique, led to a backlash of skepticism when dates reported by the first radiocarbon researchers were found to be in error.

Eiland crucibles and the earliest relative dating for tin and bronze working in southern Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 82-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Foreman Bandama ◽  
Simon Hall ◽  
Shadreck Chirikure
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Relative Dating
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