Studies in Middle and Late Tertiary Foraminifera From New Zealand

<p>Many Uvigerinidae are important zone fossils in deep-water massive sandstones and mudstones of upper Oligocene and Miocene age in Raukumara Peninsula. Twenty-nine species and six subspecies are described, of which nineteen species and three subspecies are new. Subspecific classification is revised, five new genera and four new subgenera being established, partly on morphology and partly on lineage sequences. Time ranges are given in terms of eleven local zones which are correlated approximately with New Zealand stages and with European stages.</p>

Studies in Middle and Late Tertiary Foraminifera From New Zealand

<p>Many Uvigerinidae are important zone fossils in deep-water massive sandstones and mudstones of upper Oligocene and Miocene age in Raukumara Peninsula. Twenty-nine species and six subspecies are described, of which nineteen species and three subspecies are new. Subspecific classification is revised, five new genera and four new subgenera being established, partly on morphology and partly on lineage sequences. Time ranges are given in terms of eleven local zones which are correlated approximately with New Zealand stages and with European stages.</p>

The Mineralization and Structural Geology of the Porphyry Copper Deposits of Pakistan

The purpose of this review is to shed light on copper deposits found in different regions of Pakistan. The geological attributes of copper deposits have been considered with their tectonic context. The porphyry copper deposits can be traced in Pakistan from the north through Kohistan Island Arc (KIA) up to the south to Chaghi Magmatic Arc (CMA). These deposits are mainly found in and around the Late Tertiary–Early Tertiary Himalayan Belt, Kohistan magmatic arc, Karakorum Block Foreland fold and thrust belt, Ophiolite Thrust belt, Suture zone and Chaghi Magmatic Arc. These deposits in Pakistan are chiefly established in different episodes of tectonic regimes, including subduction processes, oceanic island arc, continental arc, along with Chaman- OrnachNal Fault system and post-collisional settings.

Geology of Bajalia Anticline of the Low Folded Zone of Iraq

Bajalia Anticline is located about 60km northeast of central Amarah city in Al-Teeb area near Iraq-Iran border. Field and laboratory works were conducted to study topography, geomorphology, stratigraphy, and structural geology of Bajalia Anticline. The Anticline has a longitudinal shape with about 29km in length and 5-7km in width. Injana, Mukdadiya, and Bai Hassan formations are the three formations that were recognized in the study area. The geometrical structural analysis depicts that the Anticline is non-cylindrical, asymmetrical, close, sub-horizontal, steeply inclined, and linear fold. Most of the fractures in the Anticline are joints. These joints were classified based on the tectonics axes, which are a, b, and c, into ac, bc, and hol. A major reverse fault is located at the margin of the southwestern limb parallel to the fold axis with about 25km length. This fault is responsible on the vergence of the Anticline and overturned part of the southwestern limb. The Anticline was formed as a result of the collision between the Arabian and Iranian plates during the Late Tertiary. The maximum stress axis, which is caused by collision, is perpendicular to the hinge line. The geometrical and genetic classification indicates that the Anticline was formed by the high folding intensity and with a role of evaporites layers.

MICROFACIES AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF TERTIARY LIMESTONE, GORONTALO PROVINCE, INDONESIA

The research area is located in northern Limboto Lake in Gorontalo Province, which has complex geological characteristics. The geological complexities include stratigraphy and tectonics which influence the formation of the Limboto Basin. Limestone research in the Late Tertiary Limboto Basin is very intriguing to be done because of the lack of research in limestone. Gorontalo limestone outcrops, which become the focus of the research, have a total thickness of 30 meters. The research objective is to analyze facies, microfacies, and depositional environment of tertiary limestone. These two research objectives are attained by using two research methods, namely measurd section and petrography analysis. The research result exhibits that there are four Gorontalo limestones facies, including coralline rudstone intercalated with thin mudstone facies, sandy micrite intercession facies, coralline rudstone intercession facies and sandy allochem limestone intercession facies. According to the limestone micro- facies standard, the depositional environment of Gorontalo limestone is platform interior restricted (facies zone 8).

REE Minerals as Geochemical Proxies of Late-Tertiary Alkalic Silicate ± Carbonatite Intrusions Beneath Carpathian Back-Arc Basin

The accessory mineral assemblage (AMA) of igneous cumulate xenoliths in volcanoclastic deposits and lava flows in the Carpathian back-arc basin testifies to the composition of intrusive complexes sampled by Upper Miocene-Pliocene basalt volcanoes. The magmatic reservoir beneath Pinciná maar is composed of gabbro, moderately alkalic to alkali-calcic syenite, and calcic orthopyroxene granite (pincinite). The intrusive complex beneath the wider area around Fiľakovo and Hajnáčka maars contains mafic cumulates, alkalic syenite, carbonatite, and calc-alkalic granite. Both reservoirs originated during the basaltic magma underplating, differentiation, and interaction with the surrounding mantle and crust. The AMA of syenites is characterized by yttrialite-Y, britholite-Y, britholite-Ce, chevkinite-Ce, monazite-Ce, and rhabdophane(?). Baddeleyite and REE-zirconolite are typical of alkalic syenite associated with carbonatite. Pyrochlore, columbite-Mn, and Ca-niobates occur in calc-alkalic granites with strong peralkalic affinity. Nb-rutile, niobian ilmenite, and fergusonite-Y are crystallized from mildly alkalic syenite and calc-alkalic granite. Zircons with increased Hf/Zr and Th/U ratios occur in all felsic-to-intermediate rock-types. If rock fragments are absent in the volcanic ejecta, the composition of the sub-volcanic reservoir can be reconstructed from the specific AMA and zircon xenocrysts–xenolith relics disintegrated during the basaltic magma fragmentation and explosion.

Structure of the Inner Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary borderlands, UK: regional mapping and seismic interpretation yield a refined model for mountain front deformation and inversion.

&lt;p&gt;Decades of work has been completed on Variscan geology of the inner Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary, yet there are few structural models that correctly portray their regional framework. Many published charts loosely depict the positions, strikes and nature of the Variscan deformation front and its geometry across SE Wales. Thus, we correlate seismic data with coastal outcrop at appropriate scales and detail, to present a refined model for the front.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Coastal outcrops, in conjunction with known crustal-scale seismic data: BIRPS, SWAT and LISPB, are combined with archives of intermediate scale: wide-angle reflection, seismic refraction and reflection records. They justify a reinterpretation of the front and may explain the geometry and kinematics of its foreland. Using these data, we draw new sections from north Devon to South Wales showing the position of structural units, both Palaeozoic and Mesozoic, affected either directly by thrusts, folds and disturbances or indirectly through structural inheritance during reactivation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We correlate extracts from SWAT lines 2 and 3, a reinterpretation of LISPB data and the new fine-scale sections, S-N across the inner channel and W-E across the estuary. They enable the synopsis of crustal-scale data and regional maps. We find from measurement of several hundred lineaments and planes along the borderlands that the predominant orientation is ENE-WSW, unlike the central Bristol Channel which is WNW-ESE. All these, plus outcrop scale geometries and striation analyses, support the new tectonic partition of SE Wales and west of England.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Much information on the partition boundaries can be gathered from the marine geography of the estuary using Admiralty charts that yield accurate soundings. Seabed profiles across the estuary illustrate the positions of bedrock. Many align with onshore structure both locally and on the grander scale and through 3D reconstruction, we find that a crucial confluence of three discrete trends of lineament converge near Flat Holm and Steep Holm and may represent the pristine Variscan WNW, the Caledonoid NE and pervasive NNW trends. These islands in the estuary are sentinels at a boundary to the hybrid terrane that underlies SE Wales.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mesozoic strata of marginal to distal facies, preserved close to negatively inverted faults with partial growth, mark the reactivated stems of Variscan ramps and NE disturbances with significant thrust displacements. We note two phases of negative inversion require restoration in order to reconstruct the orientations within the Variscan basement. In addition, close examination of late (Tertiary) fault history of the estuary is required to adjust basement trends and displacements to get a better sense of rotation within the Palaeozoic foreland.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Through restoration the new hybrid sub terrane preserves characteristics of Variscan and Caledonoid trending faults and we deduce that a rotation in major thrust trajectory occurred contemporaneously with reactivation of deeper lineaments. This was followed by a structural decapitation as shallow-level thrusts encroached SE Wales, during late stages of the Variscan Orogeny. Finally, the detached stems were incorporated into an imbricate fan which was significantly affected by post-Carboniferous inversion. &amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

Investigation of some volcanic glasses of georgian deposits

The paper presents research materials on some hydrogen-containing volcanic glasses of Transcaucasia of acidic composition, concentrated in areas of late Tertiary-Quaternary volcanism, in particular, the central part of the Akhalkalaki plateau, within the Akhaltsikhe valley (Georgia). Studies of natural materials of perlite, obsidian and pechstein were carried out by geological, physico-chemical: petrography, chemical analysis, X-ray diffractometry, and IR spectroscopic methods. The work shows the genesis, structural features and prospects of using these minerals. It has been found that the chemical composition of the minerals studied is characterized by a different content of aluminum oxide Al2O3. It is shown that silicon oxide SiO2, which is a part of volcanic glasses, occurs in an amorphous state. Perlites of the studied deposits differ from each other both visually and in composition. The perlites of the Toloshi deposit are dark gray in color and the Paravani deposits are white. In the perlite spectra of the Tolosh deposit, the vibrational frequencies of both the intratetrahedral and in the intertetrahedral space of Si-O-Si (Al) indicate that silicon is replaced by aluminum to a lesser extent than in the perlite of the Paravan deposit. The prospects of using expanded volcanic glasses are also shown.