Relationship between Cover Availability and Larval Pacific Giant Salamander Density

1991 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Giant Salamander

Records of the Pacific Giant Salamander, Dicamptodon ensatus, (Amphibia, Urodela, Ambystomatidae) from the Rocky Mountains in Idaho

1976 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
O. Eugene Maughan ◽  
M. Gary Wickham ◽  
Philip Laumeyer ◽  
Richard L. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Pacific Giant Salamander

A New Digenetic Trematode (Cephalouterina Dicamptodoni n. g, n. sp., Pleurogenetinae) from the Pacific Giant Salamander

1953 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
Clyde M. Senger ◽  
Ralph W. Macy
Keyword(s):  
Digenetic Trematode ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Pacific Giant Salamander

Predation by Pacific Giant Salamander Larvae on Juvenile Steelhead Trout

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Pacific Giant Salamander ◽  
Salamander Larvae

Feeding Ecology of Stream-Dwelling Pacific Giant Salamander Larvae (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

Copeia ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 (3) ◽  
pp. 705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Ecology ◽  
Dicamptodon Tenebrosus ◽  
Pacific Giant Salamander ◽  
Salamander Larvae

Small Mammals and Other Prey in the Diet of the Pacific Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus)

1972 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 524 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bruce Bury
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Pacific Giant Salamander

The Distribution of the Pacific Giant Salamander, Dicamptodon ensatus, East of the Cascade Mountains

Copeia ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 1952 (3) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Jay M. Savage
Keyword(s):  
Cascade Mountains ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Pacific Giant Salamander

Motor Patterns and Kinematics During Backward Walking in the Pacific Giant Salamander: Evidence for Novel Motor Output

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 3047-3060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam A. Ashley-Ross ◽  
George V. Lauder
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Swing Phase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Backward Walking ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Forward Locomotion ◽  
Pacific Giant Salamander

Ashley-Ross, Miriam A. and George V. Lauder. Motor patterns and kinematics during backward walking in the Pacific Giant Salamander: evidence for novel motor output. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3047–3060, 1997. Kinematic and motor patterns during forward and backward walking in the salamander Dicamptodon tenebrosus were compared to determine whether the differences seen in mammals also apply to a lower vertebrate with sprawling posture and to measure the flexibility of motor output by tetrapod central pattern generators. During treadmill locomotion, electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from hindlimb muscles of Dicamptodon while simultaneous high-speed video records documented movement of the body, thigh, and crus and allowed EMGs to be synchronized to limb movements. In forward locomotion, the trunk was lifted above the treadmill surface. The pelvic girdle and trunk underwent smooth side-to-side oscillations throughout the stride. At the beginning of the stance phase, the femur was protracted and the knee joint extended. The knee joint initially flexed in early stance and then extended as the foot pushed off in late stance, reaching maximum extension just before foot lift-off. The femur retracted steadily throughout the stance. In the swing phase, the femur rapidly protracted, and the leg was brought forward in an “overhand crawl” motion. In backward walking, the body frequently remained in contact with the treadmill surface. The pelvic girdle, trunk, and femur remained relatively still during stance phase, and most motion occurred at the knee joint. The knee joint extended throughout most of stance, as the body moved back, away from the stationary foot. The knee flexed during swing. Four of five angles showed significantly smaller ranges in backward than in forward walking. EMGs of forward walking showed that ventral muscles were coactive, beginning activity just before foot touchdown and ceasing during the middle of stance phase. Dorsal muscles were active primarily during swing. Backward locomotion showed a different pattern; all muscles except one showed primary activity during the swing phase. This pattern of muscle synergy in backward walking never was seen in forward locomotion. Also, several muscles demonstrated lower burst rectified integrated areas (RIA) or durations during backward locomotion. Multivariate statistical analysis of EMG onset and RIA completely separated forward and backward walking along the first principal component, based on higher RIAs, longer durations of muscle activity, and greater synergy between ventral muscles during early stance in forward walking. Backward walking in Dicamptodon uses a novel motor pattern not seen during forward walking in salamanders or during any other locomotor activity in previously studied tetrapods. The central neuronal mechanisms mediating locomotion in this primitive tetrapod are thus capable of considerable plasticity.

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