The Distribution of the Pacific Giant Salamander, Dicamptodon ensatus, East of the Cascade Mountains

Copeia ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 1952 (3) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Jay M. Savage
Keyword(s):  
Cascade Mountains ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Pacific Giant Salamander

Records of the Pacific Giant Salamander, Dicamptodon ensatus, (Amphibia, Urodela, Ambystomatidae) from the Rocky Mountains in Idaho

1976 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
O. Eugene Maughan ◽  
M. Gary Wickham ◽  
Philip Laumeyer ◽  
Richard L. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Pacific Giant Salamander

Vegetation composition on recent landslides in the Cascade Mountains of western Oregon

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. R. Miles ◽  
F. J. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Cascade Mountains ◽  
Vegetation Disturbance ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Steep Slopes ◽  
Herb Species ◽  
Common Tree

Shallow, rapid landslides are common events and significant causes of vegetation disturbance in the Pacific Northwest. Landslides remove surface soil and above- and below-ground biomass from steep slopes and deposit them downslope or in streams. Vegetation cover and frequency were sampled on 25 landslides aged 6–28 years in the Cascade Mountains of western Oregon. Landslides sampled were debris avalanches ranging in surface area from 36 to 1287 m2, in elevation from 460 to 1100 m, and in slope from 40 to 173%. The landslides originated in undisturbed forests, recently harvested tracts of timber, road cuts, and road fills. Substrates within landslide areas were separated into five types and the vegetation cover was estimated for each: bedrock, 19%; secondary erosion, 25%; primary scar, 51%; secondary deposition, 57%; primary deposition, 71%. Vegetation cover averaged 51% overall and cover ranged from 7 to 88% among landslide sites. No relation between landslide age and vegetation cover was established. Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco was the most common tree species overall and dominated all substrates except bedrock, where no single tree species occurred on more than 20% of the plots. Rubusursinus Cham. & Schlecht. was the most common shrub species on all substrates. Anaphalismargaritacea (L.) B & H and Trientalislatifolia Hook, were the most common herb species on all substrates except bedrock, where annual Epilobium spp. were most common.

A New Digenetic Trematode (Cephalouterina Dicamptodoni n. g, n. sp., Pleurogenetinae) from the Pacific Giant Salamander

1953 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
Clyde M. Senger ◽  
Ralph W. Macy
Keyword(s):  
Digenetic Trematode ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Pacific Giant Salamander

Small Mammals and Other Prey in the Diet of the Pacific Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus)

1972 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 524 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bruce Bury
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Pacific Giant Salamander

Motor Patterns and Kinematics During Backward Walking in the Pacific Giant Salamander: Evidence for Novel Motor Output

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 3047-3060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam A. Ashley-Ross ◽  
George V. Lauder
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Swing Phase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Backward Walking ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Forward Locomotion ◽  
Pacific Giant Salamander

Ashley-Ross, Miriam A. and George V. Lauder. Motor patterns and kinematics during backward walking in the Pacific Giant Salamander: evidence for novel motor output. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3047–3060, 1997. Kinematic and motor patterns during forward and backward walking in the salamander Dicamptodon tenebrosus were compared to determine whether the differences seen in mammals also apply to a lower vertebrate with sprawling posture and to measure the flexibility of motor output by tetrapod central pattern generators. During treadmill locomotion, electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from hindlimb muscles of Dicamptodon while simultaneous high-speed video records documented movement of the body, thigh, and crus and allowed EMGs to be synchronized to limb movements. In forward locomotion, the trunk was lifted above the treadmill surface. The pelvic girdle and trunk underwent smooth side-to-side oscillations throughout the stride. At the beginning of the stance phase, the femur was protracted and the knee joint extended. The knee joint initially flexed in early stance and then extended as the foot pushed off in late stance, reaching maximum extension just before foot lift-off. The femur retracted steadily throughout the stance. In the swing phase, the femur rapidly protracted, and the leg was brought forward in an “overhand crawl” motion. In backward walking, the body frequently remained in contact with the treadmill surface. The pelvic girdle, trunk, and femur remained relatively still during stance phase, and most motion occurred at the knee joint. The knee joint extended throughout most of stance, as the body moved back, away from the stationary foot. The knee flexed during swing. Four of five angles showed significantly smaller ranges in backward than in forward walking. EMGs of forward walking showed that ventral muscles were coactive, beginning activity just before foot touchdown and ceasing during the middle of stance phase. Dorsal muscles were active primarily during swing. Backward locomotion showed a different pattern; all muscles except one showed primary activity during the swing phase. This pattern of muscle synergy in backward walking never was seen in forward locomotion. Also, several muscles demonstrated lower burst rectified integrated areas (RIA) or durations during backward locomotion. Multivariate statistical analysis of EMG onset and RIA completely separated forward and backward walking along the first principal component, based on higher RIAs, longer durations of muscle activity, and greater synergy between ventral muscles during early stance in forward walking. Backward walking in Dicamptodon uses a novel motor pattern not seen during forward walking in salamanders or during any other locomotor activity in previously studied tetrapods. The central neuronal mechanisms mediating locomotion in this primitive tetrapod are thus capable of considerable plasticity.

Correlation of Volcanic Ash Deposits by Activation Analysis of Glass Separates

1971 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Borchardt ◽  
M. E. Harward ◽  
R. A. Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Neutron Activation Analysis ◽  
Activation Analysis ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Cascade Mountains ◽  
Elemental Abundances ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Chemical Variability ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

Volcanic ash deposits whose source is the Cascade Mountains area were correlated on the basis of 19 elemental abundances obtained by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). After activation of glassy separates in a TRIGA reactor, gammaray spectra were obtained and analyzed with computer programs. The elements Na, Sm, Sc, Fe, Ce, Hf, and Th were determined with relative standard deviations less than 5%; the precision for La, Co, Eu, Yb, Cs, Ba, and Lu was less than 17%; larger errors were obtained for Rb, Ta, Nd, Tb, and Cr. A statistical method was developed for correlation on the basis of relative elemental compositions unique to the ash deposits. Elemental abundances of Mazama glassy separates were independent of distance from the source. The site to site chemical variability of crystal rich Glacier Peak and St. Helens ash layers was greater than for Mazama and Newberry ashes. The Rb, Yb, Lu, Th, and Ta contents in Newberry glass were more than twice those in Mazama glass. The concentrations of trace elements in Glacier Peak and St. Helens ashes generally were less than one-half those in Mazama glass. The presence of Mazama ash has been confirmed at sites in Oregon, Washington, Alberta, and in sediments of the Pacific Ocean.

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