The promotion of conciliarist ideas in the reign of James I created a space for both liberal Arminian and conservative Laudian ideas to shape the Church of England’s self-identity under regal patronage, whilst largely excluding the influence of both Puritans and Roman Catholics. The Restoration Church after 1660 inherited these conciliarist ideas, while the conservative heirs of Laud emerged as the High Church party, a party which continued to articulate its ecclesiological vision into the eighteenth century and beyond, most notably in the writings of Henry Dodwell, George Bull, George Hickes, and William Law. However, conservative conciliarism failed to survive the demise of the ancient regime, and this can be seen in the affinity of some of the Tractarians with French ultramontanists.