The Early History of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

This volume contains the proceedings of the third Discussion Meeting organized jointly by the British Academy and the Royal Society. The first, on the impact of the natural sciences on archaeology, took place on 11 and 12 December 1969. The second, on the place of astronomy in the ancient world, was held on 7 and 8 December 1972. The third, which is here recorded, was on 9 and 10 April 1975, and in covering the early history of agriculture, continues the joint exploration of the arts and sciences in human history.

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David Bearman and John T. Edsall (editors), Archival sources for the history of biochemistry and molecular biology. A reference guide and report, Boston, Mass., American Academy of Arts and Sciences, in conjunction with the American Philosophical Society, 1980, 4to, pp. xii, 338, $28.00.

Medical History ◽

10.1017/s0025727300041995 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 473-474

Author(s):

Edward Yoxen

Keyword(s):

Molecular Biology ◽

American Academy ◽

American Philosophical Society ◽

Arts And Sciences ◽

Reference Guide ◽

History Of

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The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization. By Francis Dvornik. [Survey of Slavic Civilization, Volume II.] (Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 1956. Pp. 394. $6.00.)

The American Historical Review ◽

10.1086/ahr/62.3.610 ◽

1957 ◽

Keyword(s):

American Academy ◽

Early History ◽

Arts And Sciences

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Some early history of replica techniques for electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100130018 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1076-1077

Author(s):

Robert M. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Electron Microscopy ◽

Optical Microscope ◽

Early History ◽

Bulk Materials ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Reflected Light ◽

History Of ◽

Electron Microscopes

By 1940, a half dozen or so commercial or home-built transmission electron microscopes were in use for studies of the ultrastructure of matter. These operated at 30-60 kV and most pioneering microscopists were preoccupied with their search for electron transparent substrates to support dispersions of particulates or bacteria for TEM examination and did not contemplate studies of bulk materials. Metallurgist H. Mahl and other physical scientists, accustomed to examining etched, deformed or machined specimens by reflected light in the optical microscope, were also highly motivated to capitalize on the superior resolution of the electron microscope. Mahl originated several methods of preparing thin oxide or lacquer impressions of surfaces that were transparent in his 50 kV TEM. The utility of replication was recognized immediately and many variations on the theme, including two-step negative-positive replicas, soon appeared. Intense development of replica techniques slowed after 1955 but important advances still occur. The availability of 100 kV instruments, advent of thin film methods for metals and ceramics and microtoming of thin sections for biological specimens largely eliminated any need to resort to replicas.

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