The cleanness, microstructure and mechanical properties of a newly developed CrNiMoWMnV ultrahigh-strength steel with and without electroslag refining (ESR) with 70% CaF2, 15% Al2O3 and 15% CaO have been studied. This steel was designed and melted in an air induction furnace followed by refining using ESR. Cast ingots with and without ESR were forged at temperatures in the range 1100 - 950 °C. Laser scanning confocal microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy electron back scattering diffraction, electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction have been used to investigate the microstructure and non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) of forged ingots produced with and without ESR. Hardness, tensile and Charpy-V impact tests were performed. ESR reduced the total impurity level i.e. O%+ N%+ S% by 26 % and the area fractions and numbers of NMIs by 17% and 7% respectively. The NMIs are classified into four major classes: oxides, sulphides, nitrides and complex multiphase inclusions. The microstructure of the forged and air-cooled bars consisted of martensite with a small fraction of distributed retained austenite, a very small fraction of bainite and finely distributed precipitates. The reduction of impurity levels combined with the microstructural changes brought about by the changes in the chemical composition meant that ESR resulted in a significant improvement in some mechanical properties and a marginal improvement in others.
Development of Ultrahigh Strength Steel by Electroslag Refining: Effect of Inoculation of Titanium on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties
