The French Design

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kenneth Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Natural Law ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Price Determination ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
French Design ◽  
Merchant Capitalism

This chapter examines the ideas emerging at the end of the mercantilist era in France that served and celebrated agriculture, the diversely productive farms, rather than merchants and manufacturers. As mercantilist era came to a close, a combination of economic, political and intellectual forces set France ideologically apart from the rest of Europe. Merchant capitalism, an artisan class, and factory establishments had also appeared in France. Paris had become a city of merchants and their suppliers and workmen. Agriculture in France was more than an occupation; it was a way of life. The chapter considers the emergence of a group who called themselves Physiocrats or Les Économistes in France during the period in question, focusing on their views regarding the concepts of natural law and the produit net, mercantilism, class structure, and price determination.

scholarly journals Onna-Bugeisha 'Warrior Women' [University of Central Oklahoma]

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth J Anderson ◽  
Jessica Sheetz-Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Japanese History ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
History Of ◽  
Curved Blade ◽  
Warrior Women

For centuries, women in Japan have been cast as geishas, however, the history of onna-bugeisha or “warrior women” pose a contrasting shadow. These warrior women took up training focused on using the naginata, a sort of spear with a curved blade on the end and the kaiken, a sort of dagger. They trained to protect their homes and villages; in addition, some would even carry their training into battle. In the twelfth century, Hangaku Gozen and Tomoe Gozen, while Nakano Takeko in the nineteenth century were considered to be among the best of the onna-bugeisha. These women led their own armies into battle, some made up of only women and some of only men. Very little is written about these women as Japanese warriors. Tomoe is only briefly mentioned in the Heike Monogatari, a series of stories detailing the Genpei wars (1182-1185). The down play of their importance is evident in the lack of resources recording their lives. This is possibly because their warrior-like-actions threatened the natural masculinity of the samurai. Once the samurai become a rising class structure, the onna-bugeisha began to fall away in importance, second to their husbands. As they moved behind the scenes, their training emerged to represent a method of moral discipline rather than preparing for combat. Their natural warrior way of life faded from their daily lives and the Japanese history. Most of my sources are journal articles giving the base for this research concerning the Samurai and their lives. Other sources include Japanese Girls and Women, a book by Alice Mabel Bacon, published in 1891 and Samurai Women 1184-1877a book by Stephen Turnbull, published in 2010.

Cicero on Natural Law and Ideal Laws

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Annas
Keyword(s):  
Natural Law ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
The Political ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Crucial Difference ◽  
Better Than ◽  
The Ideal

Aristotle takes over many of the political ideas of the Laws in the final two books of his Politics, but despite following Plato on some things he makes no use of the idea of preambles or getting citizens to understand their laws in terms of structuring a virtuous way of life. The Stoics do take over Plato’s idea of law as an embodiment of cosmic reason, and develop it into their conception of natural law, explicated by Cicero in his unfinished work on laws. Cicero’s work, On the Laws, is based on Stoic ideas and also on Plato’s Laws, parts of which he closely follows. A crucial difference is that Cicero looks to the ideal past of earlier Roman law. Further, he thinks that natural law is universal. Cicero claims, however, that particular (Roman) laws have ethical authority because they embody natural law better than other systems of law do.

Natural Rights as Powers to Act

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-120
Author(s):  
Susan James
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Natural Rights ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Natural Right ◽  
The Right

Spinoza grounds his political philosophy on a highly counter-intuitive conception of natural right as the right to do anything in your power. Just as big fish eat little fish by the right of nature, so humans act by natural right, regardless of what they do. In this essay I explain what leads Spinoza to hold this view and show how, in doing so, he contentiously rejects some of the most central assumptions of the natural law tradition. Finally, I consider whether Spinoza’s view can contribute anything of value to current discussions of natural right. I argue that he draws our attention to prerequisites of a cooperative way of life that contemporary theorists frequently neglect.

Philo on Virtue and the Laws of Moses

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Annas
Keyword(s):  
Natural Law ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Ten Commandments ◽  
The Way

This chapter discusses how Philo’s work on the Ten Commandments and the Special Laws is influenced by Plato’s Laws. Philo insists that the lawgiver must persuade as well as require. It explains how he sees the Jewish laws in clusters, these clusters relate to areas of life where particular virtues are developed, and he sees obeying them as leading to a grasp of the value of the way of life encouraged by living in accordance with them. These virtues and way of life, as Philo claims, are superior to those of the pagans, since they align with the natural law.

scholarly journals Mysticism of Selling Price Hamemayu Hayuning Urip Bebrayan (Kejawen Ethno-Economic Approach)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-53
Author(s):  
Whedy Whedy Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Price Determination ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
God's Will ◽  
Traditional Market

The qualitative research of this kejawen ethno-economic aims to reveal actions kejawen culture of hamemayu hayuning urip bebrayan. Culture staple seller of panunggalan community in Gede Traditional Market-Surakarta makes people together with buyers. This atmosphere makes selling price determination is not solely economic benefits as much as possible. Therefore, the cultural tradition of hamemayu hayuning urip bebrayan becomes an analytical tool. Data was collected through participant observation of the panunggalan community and scholars. The results show cultural mysticism affects selling the price-determining concept that combines economic and non-economic values. This combination makes selling activities profit and loss and a spiritual and social belief that God gives sustenance through the buyer. An achievement makes it easy for sellers to feel what the buyer feels and considers the buyer, not someone else. This inner and outer whole conviction gave rise to kejawen ethno-economic. Ethno-economics is a transaction activity based on sympathetic feelings and thoughts not to harm (rumangsa handarbeni) by prioritizing honesty and kindness between seller and buyer. The activities of economic actors originate from the balance between the way of life and activities. The balance to always remember and obey God and love fellow humans as a form of guidelines for living life. Guidelines are the essence of life serenity according to God's will. This condition fosters a close brotherhood of increasing brothers (sedulur). Fraternal relations as a form of harmonious interaction, so far, have provided fluency (pelarisan) and wealth (pesugihan)

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