Entrepreneurial Skill Development in Indonesia and Nigeria through Project-Based Learning

This study analyzed how students in Indonesia and Nigeria used Project-Based Learning to develop their entrepreneurial skills. Qualitative methods with observation and documentation instruments used in this study. The success of the Project-Based Learning strategy is evaluated by reviewing projects completed by students. The findings of this study can be used by universities in Indonesia, Nigeria, and other countries as an alternative learning strategy. This research has never been done before because it examines entrepreneurial skills using Project-Based Learning in the context of Indonesia and Nigeria. The results obtained in Nnamdi Azikiwe University and Universitas Bengkulu<strong> </strong>indicated that PjBL approach increases students’ entrepreneurship skill development, creative thinking, and problem solving. These are very important for future entrepreneurial endeavours. Hence, PjBL is an effective method that can be used to enhance the entrepreneurial skill of students compared to the traditional class structure where the teacher or lecturer do more of the teaching with less students’ involvement. This study provides an alternative option for developing entrepreneurial skills through project-based learning in both Indonesia and Nigeria.

Improving Living Conditions, Deepening Class Divisions: Hungarian Class Structure in International Comparison, 2002–2018

This article investigates the changing relationship of class and the living conditions of individuals in Hungary in comparison with other European countries. Our central question is to what extent class position determines the material living conditions of individuals in Hungary, how this relationship has changed, and how significant it is compared to other European countries. Our analysis is a direct test of the death-of-class thesis in one of the core fields of class analysis. Our results show that there has been a rapid and large-scale restructuring of Hungarian society after 2010, with two notable tendencies. The first is an overall improvement of material living conditions at all levels of the class structure, the other is the gradual solidification and polarisation of class structure.

Cattle Grazing and Forest Devastation in Brazil

This article examines the history and present-day dynamics of deforestation and cattle grazing in Brazil’s Amazon. It discusses the long-standing strategic alliance between agribusiness and the Brazilian state, as well as the role of livestock grazing in Brazil’s developmental ideology of the frontier. It shows how the livestock industry is enlaced with soy production in the deterritorialization and deforestation of the Amazon, as well as the legalized theft of indigenous lands. It places these Brazilian dynamics into larger international context and analyses the class structure and state capture of Brazil’s agro-industrial sector.

Feedback and the emergence of structures in information systems.

The aim of the work is to find conditions under which a complex multifunctional system acquires a certain struc- ture and comes to a balanced state. The initial system, consisting of mutually influencing objects or processes, is modeled by a sign graph. Analysis of the degree of influence takes into account both the direct impact between neighboring peaks, and indirect, mediated through other objects. Examples are given and conditions are indicated under which, under the ac- tion of the mechanism of introducing feedbacks, an unbalanced initial graph of interactions comes to a stable two-class structure. Cases are shown when disturbances in a balanced graph, leading it out of this state, after the application of the feedback mechanism were leveled, and the system was stabilized. Both fully connected graphs and digraphs without cycles are investigated.

Economic impacts of partial harvesting: Mitigating mid-term timber supply shortages as a result of pest outbreaks

Natural disturbances such as pest outbreaks have a significant impact on forest dynamics and services, including the loss of mature stands. From a wood production perspective, these disturbances can lead to long-lasting imbalances in the overall age-class structure of the forest, potentially resulting in a shortage of mature harvestable stands. Researchers from Natural Resources Canada’s (NRCan) Canadian Forest Service (CFS) have made a timber supply analysis of the Dunière forest located in the centre of the Gaspé Peninsula (Québec). This region suffers from an age-class structure imbalance caused by an eastern spruce budworm (ESB) outbreak that ended in 1984, and is consequently facing a reduced annual allowable cut, leading to long- term implications for the regional forest sector. The authors suggest that partial harvesting – the removal of a proportion of timber in a mature stand several years before a final cut is carried out – is a promising opportunity in the ESB-affected area for mitigating mid-term timber supply shortages by smoothing the fibre supply over time.