Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Pasca Cedera Otak Traumatik Berat

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-25
Author(s):  
Nency Martaria ◽  
Iwan Fuadi ◽  
Sudadi Sudadi

Cedera otak traumatik(COT) adalah penyebab utama kematian dan disabilitas. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) adalah salah satu risiko tinggi dari COT. Faktor risiko DVT lain yang umum ditemukan pada pasien COTadalah paralisis, imobilisasi, dan cedera ortopedi. Deep vein thrombosis diduga terkait gangguan koagulasi yang sering ditemukan pada COT, terutama pada COT berat. Deep vein thrombosis dapat menyebabkan pulmonary embolism (PE) yang merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian lambat terbanyak pada pasien trauma. Diagnosis DVT didapatkan melalui stratifikasi risiko, pemeriksaan fisik, dan pemeriksaan penunjang yang mencakup pemeriksaan d-dimer, ultrasonografi, dan penunjang lain seperti spiral computed tomography venography. Tata laksana DVT pada pasien COT mencakup pemberian antikoagulan intravena yang dilanjutkan oral jangka panjang,stoking kompresi, dan pemasangan vena cava filter (VCF). Pada pasien COT, adanya risiko perdarahan intrakranial umumnya menimbulkan keraguan pada klinisi terkait inisiasi profilaksis farmakologis dengan antikoagulan. Profilaksis nonfarmakologis mencakup penggunaan graduated compression stocking (GCS), alat kompresi pneumatik (pneumatic compression devices/PCD), A-V foot pump, dan vena cava filter (VCF). Beberapa studi terkini menyarankan pemasangan PCD pada semua pasien COT pada awal perawatan selama tidak ditemukan kontraindikasi. Pemeriksaan CT selanjutnya dilakukan setelah 24 jam. Penemuan hasil yang stabil pada CT, profilaksis farmakologis dapat dimulai dalam 24-48 jam setelah CT. Selama pemberian antikoagulan, CT serial dapat dilakukan untuk memantau progresi perdarahan.Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) after Severe Traumatic Brain InjuryAbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Beside the common risk factors of DVT among TBI patients, this is associated with coagulopathycommonly foundin TBI, especially in severe TBI.Diagnosis and treatment of DVT are also crucial to prevent mortality. Deep vein thrombosis could be diagnosed through risk stratification, physical examination, and d-dimer as well as ultrasonography examination. Treatment includes intravena anticoagulant continue with longterm oral, stocking compression and the use of vein cava filter (VCF). Deep vein thrombosis could cause pulmonary embolism (PE), a common cause of late mortality in trauma patients. Deep vein thrombosis could be prevented pharmacologically (with anticoagulant) and nonpharmacologically. However, in TBI patients, the risk of intracranial hemorrhage usually considered an initiation of pharmacological prophylaxis. Nonpharmacological prophylaxisincludes graduated compression stocking (GCS), pneumatic compression devices (PCD), A-V foot pump, and vena cava filter (VCF). Latest studes suggest the use of PCD for all TBI patients without contraindication since administration. Computed tomography should be performed within 24 hours and if the resultis stable, pharmacological prophylaxis should be initiated within 24-48 hours.

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-650
Author(s):  
TETSUO ICHINOSE ◽  
SATORU SUWA ◽  
MASAKI KAWAMURA ◽  
TOSHIHIRO KANEMURA ◽  
TADASHI MIYAZAKI ◽  
...  

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Melissa Andreia de Moraes Silva ◽  
Naiane Toledo Cardoso ◽  
Othon José Ribeiro Pereira ◽  
Bruna Cesario ◽  
Seleno Glauber de Jesus-Silva ◽  
...  

O sistema venoso superficial e profundo é responsável pela condução do sangue dos capilares para o coração, e é constituído por veias e vênulas. Há dois circuitos que se integram: a circulação pulmonar e a circulação sistêmica. E nesta última, duas grandes veias desembocam no átrio direito: a veia cava superior e a veia cava inferior. A formação embriológica do sistema venoso retroperitoneal começa na sexta semana de gestação e é finalizada na décima semana. Portanto, as malformações nestas veias são passivelmente explicadas por alterações que ocorrem neste período. A persistência da veia cava superior esquerda representa a mais comum malformação congênita do sistema venoso na população em geral. É descrita a relação entre malformações do sistema venoso e a ocorrência de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV), como a trombose venosa profunda (TVP) e embolia pulmonar (EP). Este estudo relata o caso de uma paciente portadora de malformação de veia cava superior, que desenvolveu quadro de TEV de repetição, mesmo em vigência de anticoagulação e havendo necessidade de implante de filtro de veia cava. Como as anomalias no sistema venoso são raras e não apresentam achados clínicos exuberantes, o diagnóstico é feito tardiamente, apenas quando as complicações se manifestam.Palavras-Chave: Tromboembolismo pulmonar; Trombose venosa profunda; Filtro de veia cava; MalformaçãoABSTRACTThe venous system, which is composed of veins and venules, is responsible for conducting blood from the capillaries to the heart. There are two circuits that integrate the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. In this latter, two large veins flow into the right atrium: vena cava superior and vena cava inferior. The embryological formation of the retroperitoneal venous system begins at the sixth week of gestation and is completed in the tenth week. Therefore, malformations in these veins are possibly explained by changes during this period. Persistence of the Superior Left Cava Vein represents the most common congenital malformation of the venous system in the general population. The relationship between malformations of the venous system and the occurrence of thromboembolic events such as Deep Vein Thrombosis is described. This study aims to report a case of a patient with Superior Cava Vein malformation, recurrent thromboembolic events (deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism), even in the presence of anticoagulation, and requiring the placement of vena cava filter. The anomalies in the venous system are rare and do not present exuberant clinical findings, the diagnosis is made late, only when the complications present themselves. Besides, therapy is based on avoiding such complications.Keywords: Pulmonary thromboembolism; Deep venous thrombosis; Vena cava filter; Malformation


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