An Apparatus for Indirect Measurement of Perceived Distance

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter C. Gogel ◽  
Robert E. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Direct Method ◽  
Verbal Report ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Cognitive Effects ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Direct Response ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
A Direct Method

Two methods of measuring perceived distance are contrasted. One of these, called a direct method, accepts the observer's direct response to perceived distance as a valid measure of the distance perceived. The other, called an indirect measure, uses the observer's direct response to a perception that is not perceived distance but which has a known relation to perceived distance in order to calculate the distance perceived. There are indications that the direct measure of perceived distance provided by the verbal report sometimes will be modified by cognitive factors. A procedure and apparatus for an indirect measure is suggested which is likely to be free of the cognitive effects found in verbal reports of distance. This apparatus adjusts the distance around which the line-of-sight to the object pivots as the head is moved laterally. The pivot distance at which no apparent motion of the object occurs with head motion is a measure of the perceived distance of the object.

Determination of the Speed of an Unmanned Rescue Vehicle

2015 ◽  
Vol 220-221 ◽  
pp. 940-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Zbrowski ◽  
Wojciech Jóźwik
Keyword(s):  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Measurement Range ◽  
Test System ◽  
Correct Operation ◽  
Linear Speed ◽  
A Direct Method

The article presents the process of determining the speed of an unmanned rescue vehicle.The conducted investigations involved a measurement system developed for testing dynamic lorries. The application of a test system for low-speed all-terrain vehicles was possible due to a wide measurement range of sensors. Speed was tested employing two following methods:an indirect method consisting of the measurement of the instantaneous rotational speed of the wheel;a direct method consisting of the measurement of speed against the ground, taken with an optical speed sensor.The authors also describe the sources of interferences characteristic of both methods that include:the wheelspin affecting the correctness of speed determination in the indirect measurement;the unevenness of the surface (ground) hindering the correct operation of the optical speed sensor.The paper also presents the characteristics of the rotational speed of the wheels obtained in road and off-road conditions. Based on the obtained signals, linear speed was determined. Additionally, the article discusses methods for eliminating measurement disturbances.

scholarly journals Plastic waste to fuels by hydrocracking at mild conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (17) ◽  
pp. eabf8283
Author(s):  
Sibao Liu ◽  
Pavel A. Kots ◽  
Brandon C. Vance ◽  
Andrew Danielson ◽  
Dionisios G. Vlachos
Keyword(s):  
Direct Method ◽  
Acid Sites ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Tandem Catalysis ◽  
Hy Zeolite ◽  
Environmental Threat ◽  
Single Use ◽  
Initial Activation ◽  
A Direct Method

Single-use plastics impose an enormous environmental threat, but their recycling, especially of polyolefins, has been proven challenging. We report a direct method to selectively convert polyolefins to branched, liquid fuels including diesel, jet, and gasoline-range hydrocarbons, with high yield up to 85% over Pt/WO3/ZrO2 and HY zeolite in hydrogen at temperatures as low as 225°C. The process proceeds via tandem catalysis with initial activation of the polymer primarily over Pt, with subsequent cracking over the acid sites of WO3/ZrO2 and HY zeolite, isomerization over WO3/ZrO2 sites, and hydrogenation of olefin intermediates over Pt. The process can be tuned to convert different common plastic wastes, including low- and high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, everyday polyethylene bottles and bags, and composite plastics to desirable fuels and light lubricants.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document