Top-down Processing and Target Search in Reading

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-470
Author(s):  
Maryanne Martin
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Target Search ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Parallel Forms ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Quantitative Account ◽  
Models Of Reading

Models of reading may be categorized as postulating that the processing of different types of sentential information occurs in either bottom-up, top-down, or parallel forms. A review of evidence concerning the detection of different types of written target is reported which indicates that the assumption that processing is top-down provides a satisfactory quantitative account of available data.

scholarly journals Reading Theories and Reading Comprehension; Review and Discussed

E-Structural ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
Herri Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
History Of Reading ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Reading Abilities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theoretical Stage ◽  
Models Of Reading ◽  
Reading Models

Abstract. In this article, several reading theories need to be reviewed in their relationships to read understanding educators and English lecturers. Three other Reading Models, Bottom-Up, Top-Down, and Interactive, are discussed in the Schema Theory at the theoretical stage. The history of reading training, kinds and purposes of reading, and cognitive reading abilities will be discussed in checking the reading understanding. Finally, it reviews six variables that are engaged in understanding English texts.Keywords: comprehension, models of reading, schema theoryAbstrak. Dalam artikel ini, beberapa teori bacaan perlu ditinjau dalam hubungannya untuk membaca pemahaman para pendidik dan dosen bahasa Inggris. Tiga Model Membaca diantaranyamodel Bottom-Up, Top-Down, dan Interactive dibahas dalam Schema Theory pada tahap teoretis. Rentetan uji coba, jenis dan tujuan membaca, serta kemampuan membaca kognitif dibahas dalam memastikan pemahaman membaca. Akhirnya, terdapat review terhadap enam variabel yang terlibat dalam memahami teks bahasa Inggris.Kata kunci: membaca, model membaca, teori schema

scholarly journals READING THEORIES AND READING COMPREHENSION

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Maria Novary Ngabut
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Reading Instruction ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
Background Knowledge ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
History Of Reading ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
History Of ◽  
Models Of Reading

<p>In this article several reading theories in their relations to reading comprehension teachers and lecturers of English need to know are reviewed. At the theory level, three other Models of Reading, namely Bottom-Up, Top-Down, and Interactive are previously discussed to the Schema Theory. In reviewing the reading comprehension, the history of reading instruction, types and purposes of reading, and cognitive reading skills are discussed. Finally, it reviews six variables involved in the comprehension of English texts.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong><strong> </strong><em>m</em><em>odels of r</em><em>eading, schema theory, comprehension</em><em>, background knowledge</em></p>

scholarly journals Meanders of the Polish Military Revolution — Standardization of Cavalry Units

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 464-489
Author(s):  
Karol Łopatecki ◽  
◽  
Aleksander Boldyrew ◽  
Keyword(s):  
16Th Century ◽  
Mass Mobilization ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Internal Standardization ◽  
Military Revolution ◽  
State Of Affairs

The objective of the article is to show the phenomenon of the internal standardization of the units of the Polish cavalry in the 16th century. The references to this process, during which the diversisty of arms and equipment of soldiers was abandoned, are scarce in descriptive sources and are only reflected in normative acts. The only type of sources which enables to reconstruct the combat potential of units is inspection (rejestry popisowe). Consequently, the process of specialization of units and of formation of different types of cavalry was basically marginalized. In the Crown, as late as the 1530s, cavalry rotas were very diverse. They consisted of lancers, Polish winged hussars (later: hussars) and light cavalry combined in various proportions. This state of affairs is connected with three factors. Firstly, the units of Permanent Defense (obrona potoczna) in their structure referred to Mass Mobilization (pospolite ruszenie). Secondly, provisions of law were not used for standardizing the arms and armor; on the contrary, at least by the 1530s they stimulated the internal diversification. Thirdly, the Crown professional units were internally divided into towarzyszes and pocztowys, which prompted the diversification of armament inside a unit. The text shows the changes which occurred in the 1540s and 1550s, and brought about a situation in 1557, when the rate of standardization was as high as 82.93 %. The transformations were dynamic but were not top-down planned reforms, representing instead a bottom-up initiative of rotmistrzes.

scholarly journals Croatian co-operatives’ story of revival: overcoming internal obstacles

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-361
Author(s):  
Jasmina Božić ◽  
Armano Srbljinović ◽  
Lucija Lučan
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Innovative Management ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Vertical Cooperation

We conducted semi-structured interviews with leaders or members of 45 Croatian co-operatives covering the different types of co-operatives from all historical regions to identify six main groups of internal obstacles to stronger development of co-operatives in Croatia: 1) those stemming from the “dual” nature of co-operatives, 2) free riding, 3) lack of innovative management, 4) insufficient focus on vertical cooperation among co-operatives, 5) lack of strategic steps toward a division of labor and horizontal cooperation, and 6) underdeveloped cooperation maps and protocols. Upon discussing each of these with a view on how the respective obstacles could be overcome, we conclude that through combined top-down and bottom-up efforts much can still be done to revive hundreds of local co-operatives that have barely survived or are inactive. The co-operatives themselves should be more pro-active in establishing bottom-up platforms for cooperation. Among possible improvements of governmental actions, we particularly recommend extending targeted project grants to also cover specific activities intended to enhance horizontal and vertical cooperation.

Psychology and Culture: Top Down Versus Bottom Up?

PsycCRITIQUES ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Cole
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up
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