Effect of Warning Signal on Reaction Time of Elbow Flexion and Supination

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 675-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Kasai ◽  
Ryuichi Nakamura ◽  
Reiji Taniguchi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Signal Analysis ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Male Students ◽  
The Difference

EMG-reaction times (EMG-RTs) of the biceps brachii for the elbow flexion and the supination were measured on 46 gymnastic male students under conditions with and without a warning signal. Analysis indicated that the difference in EMG-RTs between the movement patterns was observed under both conditions; the warning signal could reduce EMG-RTs in proportion to the length of EMG-RT without warning; and this trend was more remarkable on supination.

Sequence of Preparatory Set for Response Movement

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Kinugasa ◽  
Keisuke Fukuda ◽  
Ryuichi Nakamura ◽  
Toru Hosokawa
Keyword(s):  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Preparatory Set ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Simple Rt

Electromyographic reaction times (EMG-RTs) of the right biceps brachii muscle were examined for two movement patterns, elbow flexion and forearm supination, in 8 healthy male subjects under simple and complex RT conditions with varied preparatory intervals (PIs): 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 msec. In the simple RT condition, the subject was informed of the movement patterns to be performed prior to beginning the trials. In the complex RT condition the subject had to choose one of the two movement patterns at the time of the presentation of a warning signal. The results indicated that: (1) compared with the simple RT condition a delay of about 100 msec. in over-all mean EMG-RT was observed at PI = 0 msec. in the complex RT condition; (2) the difference of over-all mean EMG-RT between the two RT conditions disappeared when PI = 400 msec.; and (3) the difference in EMG-RTs between flexion and supination in the complex RT condition became the same as that in the simple RT condition when PI = 700 msec. It is assumed that the preparatory set for response movements is organized in an order, resulting in the differentiation of RT.

Is the Reduction of Reaction Time an Adequate Estimate of the Effect of Practice?

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Kasai
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Practice Effect ◽  
Biceps Brachii Muscle ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Initial Sessions

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the reduction of reaction time is an adequate estimate of the effect of practice. Since the biceps brachii muscle performs in two different movement patterns, elbow flexion and forearm supination, EMG-RTs of these movement patterns were examined after forehand-stroke practice by the preferred hand. Moreover, for the purpose of analysis of the return of practice effect, the EMG-RTs of the same subjects were measured 3 or 4 mo. after the initial sessions. No significant differences in EMG-RTs of elbow flexion and forearm supination of both hands were recognized before and after practice. The EMG-RT differences for the nonpracticed hand were nonsignificant, but those for the practiced hand were significant. These results suggest that the reduction in reaction time alone is an inadequate parameter for estimating the effect of practice. Further, it is of critical importance to find a potentially more reliable and valuable parameter such as the EMG-RT difference between the two different movement patterns.

Determination Of Reaction Time Changes Per Time Unit In Clot Assays

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lj Popović
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Standard Sample ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Total Reaction ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
Total Reaction Time

Changes in reaction time of clot assays are usually expressed only in time units, which fails to indicate the extent of the increase or decrease of the reaction time of the tested specimens against that of the basic sample. Reaction time increases of, e.g. , 6 seconds in tested samples, compared to basic sample reaction times of 12 and 24 seconds respectively, signify an increase twice as large in the first as in the second instance.Changes in reaction time of clot assays can be expressed as the increment or decrement of the reaction time per time unit. This amount of increase or decrease (positive or negative alteration of reaction time, T a ) can be expressed as the quotient of the difference between the reaction times of the tested (T x ) and basic (To) samples and of the basic sample, e.g. in seconds per second, T a =T x -To/To. A test sample reaction time 6 seconds longer than basic sample reaction times of 12 and 2k seconds would mean an increase of 0.5 and 0.25 seconds per second, respectively.Reaction time changes of tested samples against that of the standard sample (T std ) can be calculated in a similar way, T a =T x -T std /T std .It can be assumed that this parameter reflects the intensity of the increase or decrease of reaction time per time unit. The quotient of the tested and basic samples can be considered as the coefficient of the increase or decrease of the total reaction time (CT=T x /To).

Movement Precuing Altered Reaction Time of Elbow Flexion and Forearm Supination

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 799-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toru Hosokawa ◽  
Ryuichi Nakamura ◽  
Yoshiaki Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Biceps Brachii Muscle

Electromyographic reaction time (EMG-RT) of the biceps brachii muscle for elbow flexion and forearm supination was investigated in 10 healthy subjects under two conditions of movement precuing and nonprecuing with a constant foreperiod. Analysis showed that the precuing significantly reduced EMG-RT of both movements, especially the supination, and confirmed previous finding that the supination had an advantage in initiation over the flexion when the movement pattern was prepared in advance. When not prepared, on the contrary, EMG-RT of supination significantly prolonged as compared with flexion.

Emphasizing Nonword Decisions in Word-Decision Performance

2008 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-101
Author(s):  
C. Darren Piercey
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Instruction Condition ◽  
Decision Performance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Mean Reaction Time

A robust finding in the lexical decision literature is that decisions to words are made more quickly and accurately than decisions to nonwords. When instructions are presented to participants prior to an experiment, an emphasis is usually placed on identifying words. This study assessed whether instructing participants to emphasize nonword decisions would affect the performance of the speed and accuracy of identification. A total of 98 individuals took part, 49 in a Word Instruction condition and 49 in a Nonword Instruction condition. Analysis indicated changes in emphasis on words versus nonwords decreased the difference in mean reaction time between word and nonword decisions. An interesting finding is that the manipulation of instructions affected reaction times to words but not to nonwords. The analysis of accuracy yielded no significant comparisons. Further research is required to assess the importance of the finding that the manipulation of instructions affects only word decisions.

Reaction Times and Derived Information Processing Measures: Limitations of Their Practical Use in Vehicle Operator Screening

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-123
Author(s):  
Helmut T. Zwahlen ◽  
Michael L. Baird
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Rate Difference ◽  
Screening Measure ◽  
Time Averages ◽  
The Difference

The use of information processing rate (difference between the amount of uncertainty in a choice and simple reaction time situation, in bits, divided by the difference of the corresponding reaction time averages, in seconds) as a driver screening measure from a relevance point of view has been suggested by Fergenson (1971).

Reaction Time of Wrist Flexion during Passive Elbow Movements

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 260-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadashi Kitahara ◽  
Toru Hosokawa ◽  
Ryuichi Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Wrist Flexion ◽  
Left Wrist ◽  
Tone Stimulus ◽  
Passive Movements ◽  
Wrist Flexors

The effect of passive elbow movements on EMG-reaction times (EMG-RTs) of the wrist flexors was investigated for 10 subjects. Each subject flexed his left wrist responding to a tone stimulus during passive elbow flexion or extension in the pronated or supinated forearm position. The variation of EMG-RTs could not be attributed to passive lengthening or shortening of the wrist flexors but to the combination of movement directions between the active wrist flexion and the passive elbow movements. EMG-RTs decreased when both the active and passive movements were in the same direction and increased when they were in the opposite directions.

Focal-Attentive and Preattentive Processes in Letter- and Figure-Search Tasks

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 1347-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Search Path ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
The Difference

Evidence for preattentive and focal-attentive processes was obtained with two reaction-time tasks. In each case, effects of preattentive processes were identified by stimulating different proportions of the visual field. By varying the length of the search path, the effects of focal-attentive processes were identified. The first task, which required scanning arrays of letters, yielded short reaction times whereas the second task, which required the location of figures, led to long reaction times. The difference is explained by low automation and the strong demands of the latter task. The data do not indicate an interaction between preattentive and focal-attentive processes.

EMG-Reaction Time of the Biceps Brachii in Bilateral Simultaneous Motions

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Kasai ◽  
Tomoyoshi Komiyama
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Hand Preference ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Auxiliary Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Timing Constraints ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Nonpreferred Side

EMG-RTs of the biceps brachii muscles were measured using electromyogram (EMG) in elbow flexion and forearm supination on 18 right-and 24 left-handed subjects for four tasks, flexion or supination (symmetrical) and flexion of one and supination of the other side (asymmetrical). For both subject groups, the EMG-RTs of flexion for both hands were not prolonged under asymmetrical tasks, but the EMG-RTs of supination were significantly prolonged on both sides. Comparing the coefficients of determination of the EMG-RTs of flexion to those of supination under four different tasks, those of the preferred hand for symmetrical and asymmetrical motions did not differ, but those of the nonpreferred side for asymmetrical motions were smaller than those for symmetrical motions in both subjects. These observations indicated prolongation of EMG-RT on the asymmetrical task was larger on supination than on flexion. It was suggested that the influence of strong timing constraints was greater on the auxiliary function than on the innate function of the biceps (elbow flexor). The steadiness of motor function of the preferred hand was also discussed in regard to hand preference.

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