Sequence of Preparatory Set for Response Movement

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Kinugasa ◽  
Keisuke Fukuda ◽  
Ryuichi Nakamura ◽  
Toru Hosokawa
Keyword(s):  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Preparatory Set ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Simple Rt

Electromyographic reaction times (EMG-RTs) of the right biceps brachii muscle were examined for two movement patterns, elbow flexion and forearm supination, in 8 healthy male subjects under simple and complex RT conditions with varied preparatory intervals (PIs): 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 msec. In the simple RT condition, the subject was informed of the movement patterns to be performed prior to beginning the trials. In the complex RT condition the subject had to choose one of the two movement patterns at the time of the presentation of a warning signal. The results indicated that: (1) compared with the simple RT condition a delay of about 100 msec. in over-all mean EMG-RT was observed at PI = 0 msec. in the complex RT condition; (2) the difference of over-all mean EMG-RT between the two RT conditions disappeared when PI = 400 msec.; and (3) the difference in EMG-RTs between flexion and supination in the complex RT condition became the same as that in the simple RT condition when PI = 700 msec. It is assumed that the preparatory set for response movements is organized in an order, resulting in the differentiation of RT.

Effect of Warning Signal on Reaction Time of Elbow Flexion and Supination

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 675-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Kasai ◽  
Ryuichi Nakamura ◽  
Reiji Taniguchi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Signal Analysis ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Male Students ◽  
The Difference

EMG-reaction times (EMG-RTs) of the biceps brachii for the elbow flexion and the supination were measured on 46 gymnastic male students under conditions with and without a warning signal. Analysis indicated that the difference in EMG-RTs between the movement patterns was observed under both conditions; the warning signal could reduce EMG-RTs in proportion to the length of EMG-RT without warning; and this trend was more remarkable on supination.

Choice Reaction Time of Elbow Flexion and Extension during Passive Elbow Motions

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 905-906
Author(s):  
Masaaki Fujita ◽  
Ryuichi Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Prior Information ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Static Condition ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Direction Of Movement ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Flexion And Extension ◽  
Response Direction

The effect of passive elbow motions on electromyographic reaction times (EMG-RTs) of the biceps brachii for elbow flexion and the triceps for elbow extension was investigated in 8 normal subjects, using a choice-RT task, in which the subject was uncertain about the response direction to perform until the arrival of response signal after the passive motion started. Compared to the static condition, choice EMG-RTs shortened only when the direction of passive and response movements was the same. It seems that passive motions act as prior information on direction of movement in the choice-RT task.

The syntax, information structure, and prosody of German ‘VP’-fronting

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-283
Author(s):  
Vera Lee-Schoenfeld ◽  
Anya Lunden
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
High Tone ◽  
New Information ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
Vp Fronting ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Definiteness Effect

Abstract This paper explores fronted verb phrases in German, drawing attention to the difference between passive/unaccusative VPs and fronted agentive vPs. While both kinds of verb phrases have been discussed in the literature as being frontable, it has been largely overlooked that fronted vPs typically come with a certain kind of post-fronting context and a rise-fall or bridge-contour intonation, which is characteristic of I-topicalization. We observe that, unlike VPs, agentive vPs essentially need to be I-topics, with a high tone at the right edge of the fronted domain, in order to be frontable. Given the special context required for fronted vPs, the situation described by the vP does not contain new information but must already have been under discussion and is now being commented on. We present the results of two experimental studies and appeal to the thetic/categorical distinction to offer a new angle on the definiteness effect that has been associated with fronted verb phrases. We propose that a subject-containing fronted vP is associated with a thetic rather than the default categorical judgment, which means that the fronted subject and predicate form only one information-structural unit (a topic) rather than two (topic and comment). Contributing to the literature on theticity, we observe that, unlike in non-fronting thetic statements, the subject in fronted vPs cannot be a true definite. We attribute this to clashing intonation restrictions on theticity in non-fronting constructions versus theticity in just the fronted portion of a sentence.

Effect of Reaction Time Condition on EMG Activities of the Biceps Brachii Muscle in Elbow Flexion and Forearm Supination

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 807-813
Author(s):  
Jose Alvin P. Mojica ◽  
Ryuichi Nakamura ◽  
Yoshiaki Yamada ◽  
Ichiro Tsuji
Keyword(s):  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Biceps Brachii Muscle ◽  
Response Uncertainty ◽  
Motor Set ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Characteristics ◽  
Spatial Specificity ◽  
Simple Rt

Under simple- and choice-RT conditions, the biceps brachii muscle was examined in 8 healthy male subjects to determine how the temporal and spatial characteristics of elbow flexion and forearm supination differed at the initial phase of EMG activity and whether preparation or the presence of response uncertainty influenced the EMG outputs of the two movements. In the simple-RT condition, RT of supination was significantly faster than that of flexion but EMG activity of supination was less than that of flexion. In contrast, in the choice-RT condition, RT of flexion was significantly faster than that of supination but EMG activity of flexion was significantly reduced compared to supination. These findings indicate that advanced preparation or motor set facilitates the differentiation of RTs and EMG activities of the response movements and that response uncertainty causes a significant change in the temporal and spatial specificity of both elbow flexion and forearm supination.

Effects of Force Output and Preparatory Set on Premotor Time of Simultaneous Bilateral Responses

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 619-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoko Kawabe
Keyword(s):  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Force Output ◽  
Heavy Load ◽  
Response Modality ◽  
Light Load ◽  
Premotor Time ◽  
Preparatory Set ◽  
The Difference

Premotor times in simultaneous bilateral elbow-flexion movements were measured for 20 subjects when loads (light or heavy) were applied to both elbow joints. Premotor times for the heavy load were longer than those for the light load on both sides. The difference in premotor time between the two loads was larger for bilateral response than for unilateral response, suggesting that exertion of strength combines with response modality to increase the difference between the two loads. Preparatory set did not affect premotor time under the heavy load but affected premotor time under the light load. Possible mechanisms subserving these findings are discussed.

Synchronization Error in Bilateral Simultaneous Flexion of Elbows

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nakamura ◽  
R. Taniguchi ◽  
Y. Oshima
Keyword(s):  
Warning Signal ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Sound Stimulus ◽  
Synchronization Error ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Synchronization Errors ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

Using 7 left- and 7 right-handed subjects, the difference in time between left and right arms in the initiation of bilateral simultaneous flexion of elbows (synchronization error) was measured under three conditions: response to a sound stimulus with a warning signal, response to a sound stimulus without a warning signal, and self-initiated trial (option). The absolute value of synchronization errors depended upon experimental conditions. In conditions ‘with warning’ and ‘option’ the dominance shown in performance of left-handed subjects was the mirror-image of that shown by the right-handed subjects. The right biceps muscle responded faster in left-handed subjects and vice versa. Right-handed subjects showed rather a constant value in their dispersion of synchronization errors.

scholarly journals THE LAW AS VALUE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (88) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Aleksandrs Baikovs
Keyword(s):  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fundamental Values

The paper deals with the category of “values”, the right as a value, and fundamental values of law; including freedom, justice, and equality are analyzed.The relevance of the research is determined not only by the apparent lack of exploration of the problem but also by the fact that the value of right and legal values determine direction and meaning, as well as the content of the rules of law, which is their normative expression, and, ultimately, appearing as a kind of basis for the legal culture, the source of the legal consciousness’s formation and establishing a legal order, ensuring the efficiency of legal regulations due to the using the embodiment in reality of freedom, justice, equality.Legal norms themselves acquire the importance of values and become the subject of evaluation. Among values themselves, which act as an ideal justification of the rules of law, the rules of law themselves and assessments, on the one hand, there are not only close ties but also mutual transitions. Therefore, both their interrelated explanations and differentiation are necessary.In this regard, the role and importance of rights and of the abovestated legal values, including the historically-legal aspect, their historical conditionality are disclosed, the semantic content and the importance in the establishment of the legitimacy regime are analyzed, the points of view expressed in the  research literature on the nature of legal values, signs, hierarchy,  the role in social and normative regulation are considered, the difference between value and the object of value or good is emphasized.

scholarly journals Un aspect crucial mais délicat des libertés de conscience et de religion des articles 2 et 3 des Chartes canadienne et québécoise: l'objection de conscience

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-205
Author(s):  
Henri Brun
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Supreme Court Of Canada ◽  
Freedom Of Conscience ◽  
Current Case ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

The Supreme Court of Canada, obiter, in the Big M Drug Mart Case, has spoken of the "Constitutional Exemption". It is the possibility not to be bound to obey the neutral laws that conflict with one's conscience or religion. It is what we call in French l'objection de conscience. The institution exists in Canadian and Québec Law as a part of the right to freedom of conscience or religion expressed in 2a) and 3 of the Canadian and Québec Charters of Rights. And it goes well beyond the right not to fight within the armed forces. The Supreme Court of Canada has actually delivered six judgments touching on the subject in 1985 and 1986. The conditions under which l'objection de conscience come into play are not so well known however. Does it cover matters of worship or only rules of morals ? Secular or only religious principles ? Personal or only group beliefs ? Do the existence of the rule, the sincerity of the objector and the reasonableness of the exemption have to be proved? Above all, what is the difference between a creed and an opinion ? The following article tries to formulate answers to these questions, with the help of current case-law.

Left But Not Right Temporal Involvement in Opaque Idiom Comprehension: A Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 848-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Oliveri ◽  
Leonor Romero ◽  
Costanza Papagno
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Figurative Language ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

It has been suggested that figurative language, which includes idioms, is controlled by the right hemisphere. We tested the right hemisphere hypothesis by using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to transiently disrupt the function of the frontal and temporal areas of the right versus left hemisphere in a group of normal participants involved in a task of opaque idiom versus literal sentence comprehension. Forty opaque, nonambiguous idioms were selected. Fifteen young healthy participants underwent rTMS in two sessions. The experiment was run in five blocks, corresponding to the four stimulated scalp positions (left frontal and temporal and right frontal and temporal) and a baseline. Each block consisted of 16 trials—8 trials with idioms and 8 trials with literal sentences. In each trial, the subject was presented with a written sentence, which appeared on the screen for 2000 msec, followed by a pair of pictures for 2500 msec, one of which corresponded to the sentence. The alternative corresponded to the literal meaning for idioms and to a sentence differing in a detail in the case of literal sentences. The subject had to press a button corresponding to the picture matching the string. Reaction times increased following left temporal rTMS, whereas they were unaffected by right hemisphere rTMS, with no difference between idiomatic and literal sentences. Left temporal rTMS also reduced accuracy without differences between the two types of sentences. These data suggest that opaque idiom and literal sentence comprehension depends on the left temporal cortex.

Preferred Hand and Reaction Time in Different Movement Patterns

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 1275-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nakamura ◽  
H. Saito
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Sound Stimulus ◽  
Hemispheric Dominance ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Simple Movement ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right And Left Hands

The difference in RT for right and left biceps, acting on the forearm in two different movement patterns, flexion and supination, was examined for 14 normal Ss, seven right-handed and seven left-handed. The task was to flex or supinate both forearms simultaneously in response to a sound stimulus. Median RTs of each S were computed for each movement task. The analysis indicated that RT of supination is faster than that of flexion. Concerning left-right difference of RT, the flexion of the non-preferred hand is faster than that of the preferred hand and the supination of the preferred hand is faster than that of the non-preferred hand. Even in a simple movement there are differences in RTs for the right and left hands which do not depend on the muscles but on the movement patterns. Hemispheric dominance is not established by comparing the rapid initiation of movement.

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