Emphasizing Nonword Decisions in Word-Decision Performance

2008 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-101
Author(s):  
C. Darren Piercey
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Instruction Condition ◽  
Decision Performance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Mean Reaction Time

A robust finding in the lexical decision literature is that decisions to words are made more quickly and accurately than decisions to nonwords. When instructions are presented to participants prior to an experiment, an emphasis is usually placed on identifying words. This study assessed whether instructing participants to emphasize nonword decisions would affect the performance of the speed and accuracy of identification. A total of 98 individuals took part, 49 in a Word Instruction condition and 49 in a Nonword Instruction condition. Analysis indicated changes in emphasis on words versus nonwords decreased the difference in mean reaction time between word and nonword decisions. An interesting finding is that the manipulation of instructions affected reaction times to words but not to nonwords. The analysis of accuracy yielded no significant comparisons. Further research is required to assess the importance of the finding that the manipulation of instructions affects only word decisions.

Use of Magnitude-Estimation Scaling for Predicting Hemispheric Processing of Lexical Decisions

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1147-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee W. Ellis ◽  
Joan N. Kaderavek ◽  
Michael P. Rastatter
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Hemispheric Processing ◽  
Lexical Decisions ◽  
Significant Magnitude ◽  
Abstract Words

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness and validity of magnitude-estimation scaling as an alternative to a traditional, somewhat more cumbersome reaction-time procedure in the assessment of hemispheric processing asymmetry. Lexical decision vocal reaction times and magnitude-estimation scaling values were obtained for 16 normal subjects to tachistoscopically presented concrete and abstract words. Analysis of variance showed identical interactions of field x stimuli for each dependent variable while all pair-wise correlations between these measures were significant. Magnitude-estimation scaling may be a sensitive measure of visual psychophysical differences in hemispheric processing and may circumvent problems with variance of latencies associated with disordered populations.

Determination Of Reaction Time Changes Per Time Unit In Clot Assays

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lj Popović
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Standard Sample ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Total Reaction ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
Total Reaction Time

Changes in reaction time of clot assays are usually expressed only in time units, which fails to indicate the extent of the increase or decrease of the reaction time of the tested specimens against that of the basic sample. Reaction time increases of, e.g. , 6 seconds in tested samples, compared to basic sample reaction times of 12 and 24 seconds respectively, signify an increase twice as large in the first as in the second instance.Changes in reaction time of clot assays can be expressed as the increment or decrement of the reaction time per time unit. This amount of increase or decrease (positive or negative alteration of reaction time, T a ) can be expressed as the quotient of the difference between the reaction times of the tested (T x ) and basic (To) samples and of the basic sample, e.g. in seconds per second, T a =T x -To/To. A test sample reaction time 6 seconds longer than basic sample reaction times of 12 and 2k seconds would mean an increase of 0.5 and 0.25 seconds per second, respectively.Reaction time changes of tested samples against that of the standard sample (T std ) can be calculated in a similar way, T a =T x -T std /T std .It can be assumed that this parameter reflects the intensity of the increase or decrease of reaction time per time unit. The quotient of the tested and basic samples can be considered as the coefficient of the increase or decrease of the total reaction time (CT=T x /To).

Effect of Visual Complexity in Identification of Tachistoscopic Images

1994 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 971-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Geheb ◽  
Keith E. Whitfield ◽  
Linda Brannon
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Visual Complexity ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Right Cerebral Hemisphere ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mean Reaction Time

The present study of gender differences in hemispheric processing involved identification of tachistoscopically presented images of varying complexity. A computerized tachistoscopic program was administered to 24 men and 34 women. Time to identify contour and detailed pictures presented to the left or right cerebral hemisphere was recorded. Mean reaction time for contour pictures was significantly faster than for detailed pictures, and mean reaction time to the right hemisphere was significantly faster than that to the left hemisphere. The mean reaction time for men to identify pictures exposed to the left hemisphere was significantly slower than that for exposure to the right hemisphere for women. The mean reaction time for both men and women to identify contour pictures exposed to the right hemisphere was significantly faster than the mean time to identify detailed pictures presented to the left hemisphere. The interaction of gender, hemisphere, and complexity was also significant in that mean reaction times for men to identify detailed pictures presented to the left hemisphere were slower than the times for women to identify contour pictures presented to the right hemisphere. The results are discussed in relation to theories about hemispheres, gender, and differences in picture features.

Performance of Retardates on the Stroop Color-Word Test

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1259-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Bassett ◽  
George C. Schellman
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Interference Effect ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Incongruent Condition ◽  
Stimulus Size ◽  
Normal Populations ◽  
Incongruent Color ◽  
Stroop Color Word Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Reaction Time

Institutionalized retardates were examined on a special format of a task requiring them to name the colors of 36 color patches and to name the color of the ink in which 36 incongruent color words were printed on separate cards. Mean reaction time for the incongruent condition was significantly longer than that for the color patches and the difference was independent of fatigue and stimulus size. The color-word interference effect previously reported with normal populations when given the Stroop test was demonstrated for this retarded sample using a special format.

scholarly journals Decreased ability to acquire food of a captive deaf dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): Slower reaction times and lower success rates

SURG Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Tursiops Truncatus ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Anthropogenic Noise ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphin ◽  
Mean Reaction Time

Oceanic anthropogenic noise, such as naval sonar, can cause temporary hearing loss in cetaceans, but it is not known to what extent hearing loss affects cetacean behaviours such as feeding. This study used a captive deaf Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) to test the hypothesis that hearing loss would decrease a dolphin’s ability to acquire food by preventing echolocation (using echoes to locate fish). Reaction time (time to acquire dropped fish) and success rate (percentage of successfully acquired fish) were measured for the deaf dolphin and for two dolphins with no known hearing disabilities at Dolphins Plus in Florida in May 2009. The deaf dolphin had a significantly slower mean reaction time and a significantly lower mean success rate than those of the two other dolphins. A hydrophone suggested that the deaf dolphin could not echolocate, and thus relied mainly on vision. The results illustrate that hearing loss can negatively affect a dolphin’s ability to acquire food. Therefore, sources and effects of dolphin hearing loss require further investigation in order to provide targets for anthropogenic noise levels.

scholarly journals Universal kinetics of imperfect reactions in confinement

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Guérin ◽  
Maxim Dolgushev ◽  
Olivier Bénichou ◽  
Raphaël Voituriez
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Transport Process ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Analytical Treatment ◽  
Volume Limit ◽  
Normal Diffusion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Mean Reaction Time

AbstractChemical reactions generically require that particles come into contact. In practice, reaction is often imperfect and can necessitate multiple random encounters between reactants. In confined geometries, despite notable recent advances, there is to date no general analytical treatment of such imperfect transport-limited reaction kinetics. Here, we determine the kinetics of imperfect reactions in confining domains for any diffusive or anomalously diffusive Markovian transport process, and for different models of imperfect reactivity. We show that the full distribution of reaction times is obtained in the large confining volume limit from the knowledge of the mean reaction time only, which we determine explicitly. This distribution for imperfect reactions is found to be identical to that of perfect reactions upon an appropriate rescaling of parameters, which highlights the robustness of our results. Strikingly, this holds true even in the regime of low reactivity where the mean reaction time is independent of the transport process, and can lead to large fluctuations of the reaction time - even in simple reaction schemes. We illustrate our results for normal diffusion in domains of generic shape, and for anomalous diffusion in complex environments, where our predictions are confirmed by numerical simulations.

From Simple to Complex or Vice Versa: Sequence Effects on the Detection of Embedded Figures

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 247-247
Author(s):  
I Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Presentation Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Sequence Effects ◽  
Mean Reaction Time

In a series of studies concerning part - whole perception we have investigated effects of perceptual learning, and of systematically varied presentation orders on the detection of embedded figures. In the present study the effects of increasing and decreasing complexity orders on detection performance are reported. Stimuli were 170 pairs of whole and part figures. Half of them were positive items, ie the searched part was contained in the (simultaneously presented) whole. The other half were negative items, ie the searched part was not contained in the whole. The difficulty of all figure pairs was determined from earlier data. On the basis of these difficulty parameters three presentation orders were created: (1) increasing difficulty (from simple to complex), (2) decreasing difficulty (from complex to simple), and (3) randomised order. Sixty subjects performed each of these tasks in three sessions separated by one week. Effects of practice and samples were balanced by permutating the order of the three tasks. The reaction times and error rates for all presentations were registered. The results showed marked differences between the three tasks: The lowest mean reaction time was obtained in the presentation order with increasing difficulty. Error rate, on the other hand, was lowest in the decreasing-difficulty presentation order. For the random-order presentation error rate and reaction time was in between the other orders. Furthermore, differences in benefit from practice were observed between the three orders of difficulty. Results are discussed with respect to the question of how efficient search strategies may be learned and whether one can learn to bend the rules of Gestalt organisation if required.

Response to Simulated Traffic Signals Using Light-Emitting Diode and Incandescent Sources

2000 ◽  
Vol 1724 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Bullough ◽  
Peter R. Boyce ◽  
Andrew Bierman ◽  
Kathryn M. Conway ◽  
Kun Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Data ◽  
Traffic Signals ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Color Identification ◽  
Mean Reaction Time

Simulated light-emitting diode (LED) traffic signals of different luminances were evaluated relative to incandescent signals of the same nominal color and at the luminances required by the specifications of the Institute of Transportation Engineers. Measurements were made of the reaction times to onset and the number of missed signals for red, yellow, and green incandescent and LED signals. Measurements also were made of subjects’ ability to correctly identify signal colors and of their subjective brightness and conspicuity ratings. All measurements were made under simulated daytime conditions. There were no significant differences in mean reaction time, percentage of missed signals, color identification, or subjective brightness and conspicuity ratings between simulated incandescent and LED signals of the same nominal color and luminance. Higher luminances were needed for the yellow and green signal colors to ensure that they produced the same reaction time, the same percentage of missed signals, and the same rated brightness and conspicuity as a red signal at a given luminance. Equations fitted to the reaction time data, the missed signals data, and the brightness and conspicuity ratings for the LED signals can be used to make quantitative predictions of the consequences of proposed changes in signal luminance for reaction time, brightness, and conspicuity.

Reaction Times and Derived Information Processing Measures: Limitations of Their Practical Use in Vehicle Operator Screening

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-123
Author(s):  
Helmut T. Zwahlen ◽  
Michael L. Baird
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Rate Difference ◽  
Screening Measure ◽  
Time Averages ◽  
The Difference

The use of information processing rate (difference between the amount of uncertainty in a choice and simple reaction time situation, in bits, divided by the difference of the corresponding reaction time averages, in seconds) as a driver screening measure from a relevance point of view has been suggested by Fergenson (1971).

Three Variables Related to Reaction Time to Compare Single-Digit Numbers

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis R. Aiken ◽  
E. Newsom Williams
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Partial Replication ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Reaction Time

A partial replication and extension of an investigation by Moyer and Landauer (1967) found that mean reaction time to the larger of two single-digit numbers (a) was longer when the larger number was on the left, (b) was an increasing linear function of the size of the larger number of the pair, and (c) showed both a decreasing linear trend and a cubic trend as a function of the difference between the larger and smaller numbers of a pair. The relationships of these findings to those of Moyer and Landauer (1967) are discussed, and some explanations for the similarities and differences are offered.

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