Modification of the Autonomic Component of the Conditioned Emotional Response

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 951-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry L. De Vietti ◽  
Paul B. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Response ◽  
Conditioned Emotional Response ◽  
Atropine Sulfate ◽  
Autonomic Reactivity ◽  
Sugar Water ◽  
Parasympathetic System ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Signal Tone ◽  
Autonomic Component

A series of experiments was conducted to clarify the role of the autonomic nervous system in the acquisition and maintenance of the conditioned emotional response (CER). In Exp. 1 the reactivity of either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic system was altered by drugs during maintenance testing of the CER. 12 rats were trained to bar-press for sugar water on a VI 30-sec. schedule; 6 CER trials were administered during each 2-hr. session. The intensity of the unconditioned stimulus (electric shock) was adjusted for each S so as to suppress responding during the CER signal (tone) to approximately 50% of normal pressing rate. Neither the sympathetic agents (adrenalin, Chlorpromazine, Dibenzyline), nor the parasympathetic agents (methacholine chloride, propantheline, atropine sulfate) reliably altered bar-press rates during the CER trials. Exp. 2 demonstrated that the autonomic agents, in the dosages used, were in fact altering autonomic reactivity as indexed by heart-rate measures. In Exp. 3 acquisition of the CER by 18 rats was found not to be affected by autonomic alteration as produced by drugs.

scholarly journals Dopamine in nucleus accumbens: salience modulation in latent inhibition and overshadowing

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1649-1660 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJD Nelson ◽  
KE Thur ◽  
CA Marsden ◽  
HJ Cassaday
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Latent Inhibition ◽  
Relative Intensity ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Conditioned Emotional Response ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine

Latent inhibition (LI) is demonstrated when non-reinforced pre-exposure to a to-be-conditioned stimulus retards later learning. Learning is similarly retarded in overshadowing, in this case using the relative intensity of competing cues to manipulate associability. Electrolytic/excitotoxic lesions to shell accumbens (NAc) and systemic amphetamine both reliably abolish LI. Here a conditioned emotional response procedure was used to demonstrate LI and overshadowing and to examine the role of dopamine (DA) within NAc. Experiment 1 showed that LI but not overshadowing was abolished by systemic amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg i.p.). In Experiment 2, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was used to lesion DA terminals within NAc: both shell- and core- (plus shell-)lesioned rats showed normal LI and overshadowing. Experiment 3 compared the effects of amphetamine microinjected at shell and core coordinates prior to conditioning: LI, but not overshadowing, was abolished by 10.0 but not 5.0 µg/side amphetamine injected in core but not shell NAc. These results suggest that the abolition of LI produced by NAc shell lesions is not readily reproduced by regionally restricted DA depletion within NAc; core rather than shell NAc mediates amphetamine-induced abolition of LI; overshadowing is modulated by different neural substrates.

Visual figure–ground discrimination in the honeybee: the role of motion parallax at boundaries

1990 ◽  
Vol 238 (1293) ◽  
pp. 331-350 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neural Models ◽  
Height Difference ◽  
Sugar Water ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Difference

Free flying bees were trained to collect a reward of sugar-water from a structured figure, placed at a randomly varying location on a sheet of transparent Perspex, positioned 5 cm above a structured Background. During subsequent tests, done in the absence of a reward, the bees’ landings on the boundaries of the figure, as well as within the figure and outside it, were recorded. The same bees were also tested with the figure placed directly on the background, thus eliminating the difference in height between the figure and the background. The results of both types of tests were then compared to identify and investigate the cues that bees use to detect a structured figure, when presented over a structured background. The structure of both the figure and the background were varied in a series of experiments, training a fresh group of bees in each experiment. A randomly structured figure presented against a randomly structured background cannot be detected by the bees unless it is raised above the background. A height difference of 2 cm is sufficient to elicit a rate of landings on the figure that is significantly higher than the chance level. The detectability of the figure does not depend upon the shape of the figure or on differences in density between the structures of the figure and the background. Thus, in detecting the raised figure, the only cue used by the bees appears to be the apparent motion of the figure relative to the background. The majority of landings on a raised figure occur at its boundaries. This shows that the visual stimulus that is crucial in detecting the figure is the local discontinuity in apparent motion that occurs at the boundary. We refer to this as ‘boundary parallax ’. In a series of experiments that used a striped background and a variety of structured figures, three different types of boundary parallax were offered to the bees. These were: (i) ‘covering parallax’, at a boundary in which stripes on either side of the boundary are parallel to the boundary; (ii) ‘shearing parallax’, in which stripes on either side are perpendicular to the boundary and (iii) ‘orthogonal parallax’, in which the stripes on one side are perpendicular to those on the other side. The bees performed very well at detecting raised boundaries that offered covering or shearing parallax, despite the fact that such boundaries are not readily discernible on the basis of their static geometry. On the other hand, bees performed poorly in detecting raised boundaries that offered orthogonal parallax, despite the fact that such boundaries are geometrically quite vivid to the human eye. We propose two neural models for the detection of boundary parallax that account for the sensitivity of bees to covering and shearing parallax and their insensitivity to orthogonal parallax.

Nitric oxide decreases lung liquid production via guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (5) ◽  
pp. L923-L929 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Cummings ◽  
Huamei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Pulmonary Epithelium ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Cgmp Analog ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Lung Liquid ◽  
Tracer Dilution ◽  
Induced Changes

We studied the role of cGMP in nitric oxide (NO)-induced changes in lung liquid production ( J v ) in chronically instrumented fetal sheep. Forty-five studies were done in which J v was measured by a tracer dilution technique. Left pulmonary arterial flow (Qlpa) was measured by a Doppler flow probe. There were two series of experiments. In the first, we gave 8-bromo-cGMP, a cGMP analog, by either the pulmonary vascular or intraluminal route; in the second, we used agents to inhibit or enhance endogenous cGMP activity. When infused directly into the pulmonary circulation, 8-bromo-cGMP significantly increased Qlpa but had no effect on J v. Conversely, when instilled into the lung liquid, 8-bromo-cGMP had no effect on Qlpa but significantly reduced J v. Inhibition of guanylate cyclase activity with methylene blue totally blocked, whereas phosphodiesterase inhibition with Zaprinast significantly enhanced, the effect of instilled NO on J v. Thus the reduction in lung liquid caused by NO appears to be mediated by cGMP, perhaps through a direct effect on the pulmonary epithelium.

The Role of Cutter Eccentricity on Surface Finish and Milling Forces

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony L. Schmitz ◽  
Jeremiah Couey ◽  
Eric Marsh ◽  
Michael F. Tummond
Keyword(s):  
Surface Finish ◽  
Milling Machine ◽  
Time Domain Simulation ◽  
Machined Surface ◽  
Premature Failure ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Error Motion ◽  
Milling Forces ◽  
Chip Load

In this paper, the role of milling cutter eccentricity, commonly referred to as runout, is explored to determine its effects on surface topography and milling forces. This work is motivated by the observation that commercially-available cutter bodies often exhibit variation in the teeth/insert radial locations as a result of manufacturing issues. Consequently, the chip load on individual cutting teeth varies periodically, which can lead to premature failure of the cutting edges. Additionally, this chip load variation increases the roughness of machined surfaces. This research isolates the effect of runout on cutting forces and the machined surface finish in a series of experiments completed on a precision milling machine with 0.1 μm positioning repeatability and 0.02 μm spindle error motion. The runout is varied in a controlled fashion and results compared between experiment and a comprehensive time-domain simulation.

Effects of Amobarbital on the Conditioned Emotional Response and Conditioned Avoidance Response

1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis K. Kamano ◽  
Louis K. Martin ◽  
Michael E. Ogle ◽  
Barbara J. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Conditioned Emotional Response ◽  
Conditioned Avoidance ◽  
Conditioned Avoidance Response

Place attachment and brand loyalty: the moderating role of customer experience in the restaurant setting

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Boadi Nyamekye ◽  
Diyawu Rahman Adam ◽  
Henry Boateng ◽  
John Paul Kosiba
Keyword(s):  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Place Attachment ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Place Dependence ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Moderating Role

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to ascertain the effects of place attachment on brand loyalty. This study further ascertains whether the effects of emotion-based attachment on brand loyalty are stronger for customers who have a positive experience with a restaurant brand. Additionally, the authors investigate whether emotion-based attachment mediates the relationships between identity-based attachments, place dependence and brand loyalty in the restaurant setting.Design/methodology/approachThe authors administered the questionnaire to customers (diners) of restaurants in Ghana, and they were completed via a paper and pencil/pen approach. The authors tested their hypotheses using structural equation modeling.FindingsThe findings show that identity-based and emotion-based attachment enhances brand loyalty within a restaurant setting. The results also show that place dependence attachment promotes emotional bonding with restaurant brands. The study's findings also show that place dependence attachment does not have a direct and positive significant effect on brand loyalty except when an emotional response is produced.Originality/valuePlace attachment studies in a restaurant setting are rare. This study thus contributes to the place attachment literature in restaurants setting.

Beaumont's Contribution to Gastric Psychophysiology: A Reappraisal

1988 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 650-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
François M. Mai
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Bile Reflux ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
Gastric Fistula ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Digestive Process ◽  
Psychophysiological Research ◽  
Series Of Experiments

William Beaumont's monograph on the physiology of digestion which was first published in 1833, has become a classic in its field. In a series of experiments over a 10 year period on Alexis St. Martin, a 19 year old Canadian voyageur with a traumatic gastric fistula, Beaumont was the first to describe many important aspects of the digestive process. In two of the 238 experiments Beaumont noted gastric physiological changes induced by emotional arousal, these being bile reflux and delayed gastric emptying. Elsewhere in the book, but not in experimental context, Beaumont referred to non-specific changes in coloration and secretion of the mucous membrane induced by emotion. Modern gastric psychophysiological research has shown that emotional arousal increases, and withdrawal decreases, gastric acid secretion. It has also been shown conclusively that emotion can cause a reflux of bile into the stomach and it may delay gastric emptying. Although the main thrust of Beaumont's work was physiological, he must be credited with being the first investigator to draw attention to the role of emotional arousal in the digestive process.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document