Density study of (D (+) mannose + water), (D (+) mannose + water + sodium cyclamate), (D (+) maltose monohydrate + water) and (D (+) maltose monohydrate + water + sodium cyclamate) systems at T = 298.15 K

Effect of different concentrations of aqueous solutions of sodium cyclamate on sugars (mono and disaccharides) are observed by measuring the densities of (sugar + water) and (sugar + water + sodium cyclamate) systems. Densities of aqueous solutions of D (+) mannose (monosaccharide) and D (+) maltose monohydrate (disaccharide) in (0.05, 0.15, 0.3) mol.kg-1 of sodium cyclamate (Na-Cyclamate) at T = 298.15 K have been measured. From experimental values of densities , Vɸ0( partial molar volumes) ΔtrsVɸ0 (partial molar volumes of transfer) ASV (apparent specific volumes) interaction parameters (𝑉𝐴𝐵) and (𝑉𝐴𝐵𝐵 ) have been determined. The calculated values of various parameters have been used to interpret the results in terms of (D (+) mannose – water), (D (+) mannose –water– Na-cyclamate), (D (+) maltose monohydrate – water) and (D (+) maltose monohydrate – water – Na-cyclamate) interactions in sugar– water – Na-cyclamate and quality of taste sense of solutions.

Exercise rather than fluoxetine promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in the hippocampus in a male mouse model of depression

Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) systems have been meaningfully linked to the clinical phenomena of mood disorders, 15–35% of patients do not respond to multiple SSRI interventions or even experience an exacerbation of their condition. As we previously showed, both running exercise and fluoxetine reversed depression-like behavior. However, whether exercise reverses depression-like behavior more quickly than fluoxetine treatment and whether this rapid effect is achieved via the promotion of oligodendrocyte differentiation and/or myelination in the hippocampus was previously unknown. Sixty male C57BL/6 J mice were used in the present study. We subjected mice with unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) to a 4-week running exercise trial (UCS + RN) or intraperitoneally injected them with fluoxetine (UCS + FLX) to address these uncertainties. At the behavioral level, mice in the UCS + RN group consumed significantly more sugar water in the sucrose preference test (SPT) at the end of the 7th week than those in the UCS group, while those in the UCS + FLX group consumed significantly more sugar water than mice in the UCS group at the end of the 8th week. The unbiased stereological results and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that running exercise, and not fluoxetine treatment, increased the numbers of CC1+ and CC1+/Olig2+/BrdU+ oligodendrocytes in the CA1 subfield in depressed mice exposed to UCS. Moreover, running exercise rather than fluoxetine increased the level of myelin basic protein (MBP) and the G-ratio of myelinated nerve fibers in the CA1 subfield in the UCS mouse model. Unlike fluoxetine, exercise promoted hippocampal myelination and oligodendrocyte differentiation and thus has potential as a therapeutic strategy to reduce depression-like behaviors induced by UCS.

KINETICS OF EVAPORATION OF A MODEL SOLUTION OF DISTILLERY DREGS CONTAINING PROTEIN, OIL AND SUGAR

Рассмотрена кинетика сушки послеспиртовой барды при 60°С. Объектом исследований была модельная смесь, состоящая из воды, белков, жиров и растворимых углеводов. Представлены результаты исследований кинетики испарения воды и смесей вода–масло, вода–белок, вода–сахар, вода–масло–белок–сахар, помещенных в чашку Петри. Процесс испарения в изотермических условиях протекал в сушильном шкафу Memmert. Установлено, что добавление вещества в воду снижает скорость испарения воды в периоде постоянной скорости сушки, в периоде падающей скорости сушки продолжительность испарения возрастает. По результатам кинетики сушки модельных смесей можно определять коэффициенты активности компонентов и проводить исследование процесса сушки реальных смесей при проектировании сушилок. The kinetics of drying of the distillery dregs at 60°C is considered. The model mixture containing water, proteins, oils and soluble carbohydrates was the object of research. The results of experimental studies of the kinetics of evaporation of water and mixtures of water-oil, water-protein, water-sugar, water-oil-protein-sugar, placed in a Petri dish, are presented. Evaporation under isothermal conditions was carried out in a Memmert drying cabinet. It is established that the addition of the substance into the water reduces the evaporation rate of water in the period of constant drying speed, the duration of evaporation in the period of falling drying speed increases. According to the results of the kinetics of drying model mixtures, it is possible to determine the activity coefficients of the components and conduct a study of the drying process of real mixtures in the design of dryers.

Design a bee calling tool using a caller voice and honey scent based on arduino and the blynk application

Bees have the characteristics of always moving and will settle in one place because of the source of nectar. Bees use smells (pheromones) as a means of communication. In addition, bees also communicate through body movements called dances waggle and have a frequency range of 200 Hz - 300 Hz. Communication on bees serves to contain information about what will be done by a bee colony. Therefore the authors assume that honey bees can be called. So it is necessary to design a tool that can summon honey bees using the caller’s voice and the aroma of honey. The tool is controlled using Bluino and the Blynk app. The test was carried out using the caller’s voice in the frequency range of 265.9 Hz – 297.2 Hz which was obtained from the sound recording process in the bee colony Apis cerana, so the focus of this research was the process of calling bees Apis cerana. The aroma used is the aroma of resisting honey, the aroma of sugar water, and the aroma of bee attractants. From the results of testing using three kinds of scents for 7 days, the number of bees is called as follows. The aroma of honey against 837 tails, the aroma of sugar water 758 tails, and the aroma of attractant bees 118 tails. Based on the results of the study, the bee-calling device using the aroma of resisting honey was more dominant to use.

Formulation of Vegetable Cocktail Filling Solutions (Chayote, Tomato and Carrots) on Consumer Acceptance

Chayote, tomato, and carrot are vegetable commodities that are easily found in Indonesia. The way to increase the economic value of chayote, tomatoes, and carrots is to diversify products, one of which is processed cocktail products. Cocktails candied products are package in cups, jars, or cans with add of syrup as a filling medium or solution. In general, cocktails did make from fruits, so that to process cocktails from vegetables, proper formulations and methods are needed to be well received by consumers. This research will study the exact formulation in the manufacture of products cocktail vegetable filler that cocktail of vegetables acceptable to consumers based on quality organoleptic and chemical quality (pH and total dissolved solids). The raw materials used consist of chayote, tomatoes, carrots, sugar, water, and citric acid. The packaging material used is a glass jar. The data analysis technique in this study used the D-optimal Mixture Design method to get the most optimum formula. The results of one research on organoleptic quality in the form of hedonic tests on the color, aroma, texture, and taste of vegetable cocktails based on ANAVA Design Expert processing showed results that were not significantly different from the 16 recommended formulations. The results of the chemical quality research in the form of pH and TDS showed different results. Based on the organoleptic quality and chemical quality as a predictive model, the optimal formulation was obtained with a ratio of 62.511% water, 37.138% sugar, and 0.352% citric acid with a desirability value 0.823.

Comparing the Appetitive Learning Performance of Six European Honeybee Subspecies in a Common Apiary

The Western honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) is one of the most widespread insects with numerous subspecies in its native range. How far adaptation to local habitats has affected the cognitive skills of the different subspecies is an intriguing question that we investigate in this study. Naturally mated queens of the following five subspecies from different parts of Europe were transferred to Southern Germany: A. m. iberiensis from Portugal, A. m. mellifera from Belgium, A. m. macedonica from Greece, A. m. ligustica from Italy, and A. m. ruttneri from Malta. We also included the local subspecies A. m. carnica in our study. New colonies were built up in a common apiary where the respective queens were introduced. Worker offspring from the different subspecies were compared in classical olfactory learning performance using the proboscis extension response. Prior to conditioning, we measured individual sucrose responsiveness to investigate whether possible differences in learning performances were due to differential responsiveness to the sugar water reward. Most subspecies did not differ in their appetitive learning performance. However, foragers of the Iberian honeybee, A. m. iberiensis, performed significantly more poorly, despite having a similar sucrose responsiveness. We discuss possible causes for the poor performance of the Iberian honeybees, which may have been shaped by adaptation to the local habitat.

Differential Effects of Dietary Components on Glucose Intolerance and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis

Pharmacological treatment modalities for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH) are scarce, and discoveries are challenged by lack of predictive animal models adequately reflecting severe human disease stages and co-morbidities such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. To mimic human NAFLD/NASH etiology, many preclinical models rely on specific dietary components, though metabolism may differ considerably between species, potentially affecting outcomes and limiting comparability between studies. Consequently, understanding the physiological effects of dietary components is critical for high translational validity. This study investigated the effects of high fat, cholesterol, and carbohydrate sources on NASH development and metabolic outcomes in guinea pigs. Diet groups (n = 8/group) included: low-fat low-starch (LF-LSt), low-fat high-starch (LF-HSt), high-fat (HF) or HF with 4.2%, or 8.4% sugar water supplementation. The results showed that caloric compensation in HF animals supplied with sugar water led to reduced feed intake and a milder NASH phenotype compared to HF. The HF group displayed advanced NASH, weight gain and glucose intolerance compared to LF-LSt animals, but not LF-HSt, indicating an undesirable effect of starch in the control diet. Our findings support the HF guinea pig as a model of advanced NASH and highlights the importance in considering carbohydrate sources in preclinical studies of NAFLD.

Comparing the appetitive learning performance of six European honeybee subspecies in a common apiary

The Western honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) is one of the most widespread insects with numerous subspecies in its native range. In how far adaptation to local habitats has affected the cognitive skills of the different subspecies is an intriguing question which we investigate in this study. Naturally mated queens of the following five subspecies from different parts of Europe were transferred to Southern Germany: A. m. iberiensis from Portugal, A. m. mellifera from Belgium, A. m. macedonica from Greece, A.m. ligustica from Italy and A. m. ruttneri from Malta. We also included the local subspecies A.m. carnica in our study. New colonies were built up in a common apiary where the respective queens were introduced. Worker offspring from the different subspecies was compared in classical olfactory learning performance using the proboscis extension response. Prior to conditioning we measured individual sucrose responsiveness to investigate whether possible differences in learning performances were due to a differential responsiveness to the sugar water reward. Most subspecies did not differ in their appetitive learning performance. However, foragers of the Iberian honeybee, A. m. iberiensis, performed significantly more poorly, despite having a similar sucrose responsiveness. We discuss possible causes for the low cognitive performance of the Iberian honeybees, which may have been shaped by adaptation to local habitat.

Fluorescence Method in Measuring the Degree of Brine Penetration into Boneless Whole-Muscle Turkey Meat

Introduction. Fluorescence is one of the most promising methods of food quality tests. Fluorescein disodium salt is used as a means of diagnostics in medicine and food production. In particular, fluorophore can determine the ripening stage of boneless turkey meat during brining by defining the penetration depth of the brine. Study objects and methods. The present research featured samples of brined turkey breast and thigh meat. The experiment was based on standard research methods, e.g. macro- and microscopy, statistical method, etc. It also included an original fluorescence method for determining the penetration depth of sodium chloride brine into turkey muscles. Results and discussion. The experimental brine consisted of food salt, white sugar, water, and fluorescein disodium salt, while brine without fluorophore served as control. Regardless of sodium chloride concentration, the changes in the ripening depth of the turkey breast samples were 8 times lower after 5 min, 3 times – after 12 h, and 4 times after 24 h. Complete ripening occurred after 36 h, which was confirmed by visual and fluorophore measurements. The thigh meat samples showed a smaller area of sodium chloride penetration: 8 times lower – after 5 min, 2 times – after 12 and 24 h. Complete salting was also registered after 36 h of brining. Conclusion. The fluorescence method proved quite effective in determining the ripening of boneless turkey parts meat.

Pengaruh Berbagai Macam Pendinginan dan Pengemasan Terhadap Umur Simpan Jagung Manis (Zea mays saccharata)

This research was aimed to study the influence of kinds of cooling and packing on the storage life of sweetcorn in order to obtain the simple postharvest technology and easy to practice. The research was done during the February - March of 2005 in the Research Laboratory of Agriculture Faculty, Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta. The reducing sugar analysis was done in the Agriculture Technology Faculty of Gadjah Mada University. The laboratory experiment was arranged ini 2 x 3 factorial completely randomized design with three replications. The cooling first factor was refrigerated in refrigerator to be compared to the hydro-cooling. Meanwhile, the polypropilene and polyethylene packaging were tested and compared to the unpackaged one. The flavor; reducing sugar, water content, percentage of nonconsumable part of sweetcorn, fresh weight of ears, and organoleptic properties were observed. The result showed that there was no significantly interaction between cooling and packaging on the storage life and quality of sweet corn. The cooling treatment was significantly influenced the starch and reducing sugar level as well as the packaging treatment. Refrigeration storage could significantly keep the level of reducing sugar to remain higher than the hydro-cooling, this treatment was also decreased the starch content, decreased the proportion of unconsumable part, and maintained the flavor. The polyethylene packaging significantly keep the level of reducing sugar to remain higher and relatively maintained the flavor than the polypropilene packaging or unpackaged, but decreased the portion of unconsumable part.