A Study of Tracheobronchial Tree lungs and Pulmonary Vessels Using Luminal Cast in Local Iraqi Sheep

The anatomy of the bronchial artery in sheep has recently been described. However, the course of the bronchial veins has not been well established. It has been suggested that the bronchial veins are the major site of fluid leakage following histamine infusion, and it has been postulated that the bronchial circulation may play a role in fluid reabsorption. We studied the anatomy of the bronchial circulation in 18 sheep with emphasis on bronchial venous drainage and bronchopulmonary communications. Following anesthesia animals were heparinized and exsanguinated. Evans blue dye was infused into the bronchial artery in six sheep and the gross and subgross anatomy of the bronchial circulation studied. In six other sheep the bronchial artery, pulmonary artery, and tracheobronchial tree were filled with Batson's solution of varying colors. The subgross anatomy was studied under a dissecting microscope, and samples were taken for scanning electron microscopy. In six separate sheep we studied the anatomy of the proximal vein by infusing dye directly into the vein and found that the extrapulmonary bronchial blood drained into the left azygos vein via a single vessel. Intrapulmonary bronchi are surrounded by a dense bronchial microvascular plexus which drains into the pulmonary vessels at the precapillary level.

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Pulmonary Embolization in the Dog: Its Effects on Blood Coagulation and on Pulmonary Artery Pressures

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1654536 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 06 (01) ◽

pp. 025-036 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

James W. Hampton ◽

William E. Jaques ◽

Robert M. Bird ◽

David M. Selby

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Hypertension ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Pulmonary Artery ◽

Amniotic Fluid ◽

Blood Coagulation ◽

Glass Beads ◽

Pulmonary Vessels ◽

Pulmonary Embolization ◽

Biological Nature

Summary1. Infusions containing particulate matter, viz. whole amniotic fluid, amniotic fluid sediment, and glass beads, produce in dogs changes in both early and late phases of the clotting reaction. These changes are associated with the development of pulmonary hypertension.2. When dogs were given an active fibrinolysin followed by an infusion of whole amniotic fluid, the alterations in the clotting mechanism were either delayed or did not appear. No pulmonary hypertension developed in these animals.3. We infer that infusions containing particulate matter will produce in dogs both pulmonary hypertension and changes in the clotting mechanism. Although these are independent changes, both are as closely related to the damage to the pulmonary vessels as they are to the biological nature of the infusions.

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Mitral Valve Replacement in an Adult with Left Pulmonary Agenesis

The Heart Surgery Forum ◽

10.1532/hsf.1311 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 109

Author(s):

Huseyin Saskin ◽

Mustafa Idiz ◽

Cagri Duzyol ◽

Huseyin Macika ◽

Rezan Aksoy

Keyword(s):

Mitral Valve ◽

Vitamin A ◽

Valve Replacement ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Vitamin A Deficiency ◽

Pulmonary Agenesis ◽

Pulmonary Vessels ◽

Live Births ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Female Predominance

Pulmonary agenesis is associated with the absence of pulmonary vessels, bronchi, or parenchyma. This condition usually occurs between the 4th and 5th week of gestation during the embryonic phase. Etiopathogenic factors associated with pulmonary agenesis are not fully understood. In the literature, genetic and teratogenic factors, viral infections, and vitamin-A deficiency are shown to be associated with pulmonary agenesis [Malcon 2012]. This condition may be seen unilaterally or bilaterally. Although the precise rate of incidence is unknown, it is estimated to occur in one of every 10,000 to 12,000 live births [Yetim 2011]. There is a 1.3:1 female predominance with unilateral agenesis [Halilbasic 2013]

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Near Wall Turbulence Effects on Particle Transport and Deposition in Human Tracheobronchial Multi-Level Bifurcation Model

Volume 2: Fora ◽

10.1115/ajkfluids2015-26336 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Amir A. Mofakham ◽

Lin Tian ◽

Goodarz Ahmadi

Keyword(s):

Boundary Conditions ◽

Particle Deposition ◽

Flow Simulation ◽

Tracheobronchial Tree ◽

Lung Model ◽

Wall Turbulence ◽

Nano Particles ◽

Turbulent Regime ◽

Computationally Efficient ◽

Multi Level

Transport and deposition of micro and nano-particles in the upper tracheobronchial tree were analyzed using a multi-level asymmetric lung bifurcation model. The multi-level lung model is flexible and computationally efficient by fusing sequence of individual bifurcations with proper boundary conditions. Trachea and the first two generations of the tracheobronchial airway were included in the analysis. In these regions, the airflow is in turbulent regime due to the disturbances induced by the laryngeal jet. Anisotropic Reynolds stress transport turbulence model (RSTM) was used for mean the flow simulation, together with the enhanced two-layer model boundary conditions. Particular attention is given to evaluate the importance of the “quadratic variation of the turbulent fluctuations perpendicular to the wall” on particle deposition in the upper tracheobroncial airways.

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Review Of Earlier Studies of the Bacterial Flora of the Tracheobronchial Tree

Acta Oto-Laryngologica ◽

10.3109/00016485909122983 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 50 (sup150) ◽

pp. 11-20

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Flora ◽

Tracheobronchial Tree

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Esophagus-Like Bronchus: A Noncommunicating Bronchopulmonary Foregut Malformation

International Journal of Surgical Pathology ◽

10.1177/10668969211002255 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 106689692110022

Author(s):

Jenny L. Weon ◽

Stephen Megison ◽

Charles F. Timmons ◽

Dinesh Rakheja

Keyword(s):

Left Lung ◽

Lower Lobe ◽

Tracheobronchial Tree ◽

Pulmonary Infections ◽

Bronchopulmonary Foregut Malformation ◽

Radiologic Examination ◽

Foregut Malformation

We describe a previously unreported bronchopulmonary foregut malformation wherein a segment of a bronchus of the lower lobe of the left lung in a 4-year-old girl was entirely esophageal in structure. No communication was identified between the tracheobronchial tree and the esophagus by radiologic examination or at surgery. The esophagus-like bronchus was associated with an adjacent atretic bronchus and a downstream cavity in the lower lobe of the left lung. The child sought clinical attention because of recurrent pulmonary infections localized to the lower lobe of the lung. We posit that this esophagus-like bronchus is a novel noncommunicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformation.

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Argon Plasma Coagulation: Elucidation of the Mechanism of Gas Embolism

Respiration ◽

10.1159/000512687 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Erik E. Folch ◽

Catherine L. Oberg ◽

Atul C. Mehta ◽

Adnan Majid ◽

Colleen Keyes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Direct Contact ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Argon Plasma Coagulation ◽

Argon Plasma ◽

Tracheobronchial Tree ◽

Bleeding Complications ◽

Gas Transfer ◽

Gas Embolism ◽

Associated Gas ◽

Plasma Coagulation

Background: Argon plasma coagulation (APC) is a tool used in the management of tracheobronchial obstruction or bleeding. Complications include gas embolism which can cause devastating effects including hemodynamic instability, cardiac arrest, and stroke. Multiple theories as to how gas embolism occurs with APC have been postulated; however, none have identified the exact mechanism. Objectives: To identify the mechanism by which APC causes gas embolism in the tracheobronchial tree. Methods: Using an explanted porcine tracheobronchial tree with lung parenchyma, the APC catheter was applied through noncontact and direct contact to the endobronchial airway mucosa via flexible bronchoscopy. This was done at multiple gas flow settings and pulse durations. Visual changes in the mucosa were photographed, videoed, and described. Results: Gross evidence of submucosal gas transfer occurred when the APC catheter was in direct contact with the mucosa at all gas flow settings in all applications, despite using shorter pulse durations. Whenever the catheter was not in contact with the mucosa, there was no transfer of gas at any gas flow setting or pulse duration. Conclusions: Direct mucosal contact with the APC probe leads to submucosal gas deposition and is a likely mechanism for gas entry into the intravascular space. In reported cases of APC-associated gas embolism, presence of a vascularized endobronchial tumor may have increased the risk of gas tracking into the intravascular space. Care should be taken when applying APC during brisk bleeding or limited vision, as inadvertent mucosal contact may occur and could increase the risk of gas embolism.

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