Scanning of Face-Scene or Object-Scene Pairs Reveals Implicit Relational Memory

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leora Branfield Day
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Explicit Memory ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Relational Memory ◽  
Change Detection Task ◽  
Hippocampal Function ◽  
The Face ◽  
Explicit Recall ◽  
The Difference

The hippocampus is thought to play a role in the formation of memories of relations among items in a scene (Cohen and Eichenbaum, 1993). Recently, we described a change detection task in which visual scanning of objects in a scene indicated explicit memory for those objects, and is thought to require hippocampal function (Chau, Murphy, Rosenbaum, Ryan, & Hoffman, 2010). In contrast, a task pairing faces and scenes revealed that the scanning of faces can be used as a measure of implicit memory, yet it, too, is associated with hippocampal function (Hannula & Ranganath, 2009). One difference between tasks is that the latter was never tested with objectscene pairs. In this study, we replicated the face-scene task, and added an object-scene condition to determine if the difference in scanning of previously shown pairs exists for objects-scene pairs and if, as with faces, this bias exists in the absence of explicit recall. Paired items were viewed preferentially, whether the items were faces or objects, and irrespective of whether recall was implicit or explicit. The bias towards the paired image emerged within the first 500 ms of viewing for all pairs, and the protracted response was stronger for explicit than implicit pairs. These results suggest that this task is effective whether using face or object stimuli, and could be used to tease apart the role of the hippocampus in explicit and implicit memory formation. Furthermore, its use of non-verbal measurements makes it amenable for use in animal models.Authors: Branfield Day, Leora R.; Bartlett, Adrian M.; Leonard, Timothy K. and Hoffman, Kari L.

scholarly journals The role of high-resolution ultrasonic examination in the analysis of the structure and causes of complications after cosmetological thread implantation into the face and neck soft tissues

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
I. N. Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Acoustic Shadow ◽  
Thread Diameter ◽  
Perifocal Edema ◽  
Comparison Groups ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Quantitative Indicators

Objective The goal is to optimize the diagnosis of complications after thread implantation using high-resolution ultrasound (US).Material and Methods The study design included the formation of twelve sample comparison groups. Inclusion criteria for the group: women without evident somatic pathology after cosmetic implantation in various periods after the procedure. The difference between the groups was in the chemical composition of the material (L-lactic acid, polydiaxanone, copolymer of L-actide with ԑ-caprolactone, polypropylene, polyester fiber in a silicone sheath, metal), complaints (the presence of amyctic, the presence of overcorrection, the absence of complaints), the period of time after implantation (up to 6 months, from 6 to 12 months, more than a year). Then ultrasound was performed, 33 qualitative and 7 quantitative indicators were analyzed. The study involved 93 women aged 29 to 65 years after the thread implantation. The circulation period varied from 3 days to 20 years.Results An analysis of the relationship between quantitative and qualitative features revealed statistically significant connections between the presence of an acoustic shadow and threads of polylactic acid and polypropylene, the presence of reverberation, and the metal – gold (p < 0.0001). Relationships were established between polyester fibers in a silicone sheath with complaints of inflammation, the presence of edema during examination, perifocal edema around the thread during ultrasound (p < 0.0001). The difference was also found between the diameter of the thread in the group of patients examined up to 6 months and the group in the period 6–12 months after implantation (p < 0.0001), as well as the group up to 6 months and more than a year (p = 0.0033).Conclusion The presence of an acoustic shadow, a thread diameter of more than 1 mm are ultrasound signs of fibrotic changes around the thread. The characteristic echographic signs of inflammation around the thread will be a zone of reduced echoicity, corresponding to perifocal edema. Hypercorrection is a consequence of fibrotic changes development around the thread.

scholarly journals Non-conscious Perception of Facial Expression with Continuous Flash Suppression: A Signal Detection Analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Pournaghdali ◽  
Bennett L. Shwartz ◽  
Jason Scott Hays ◽  
Fabian Soto
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Conscious Perception ◽  
Continuous Flash Suppression ◽  
2Afc Task ◽  
Detection Analysis ◽  
Fearful Face ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Face Stimuli

The aim of this study was to explore if a conservative response criterion is responsible for non-conscious perception of facial expressions during continuous flash suppression (CFS). We hypothesized that participants’ sensitivity in a detection task would be significantly lower than their sensitivity in a 2-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) task while using CFS. After rendering images of faces with different facial expression (fearful vs. neutral) invisible for 500 milliseconds (ms) and 700 ms using CFS, participants judged the presence/absence of the faces with a detection task and the emotion of faces with a 2AFC task. When we rendered the face stimuli invisible for 500 ms, participants discriminated the signal (fearful face) from noise (neutral face) by having a higher sensitivity in the 2AFC task compared to the detection task. When we rendered the face stimuli invisible for 700 ms, the difference between participants’ sensitivities in the two tasks disappeared.

Levels of Processing Effects on Implicit and Explicit Memory Tasks

2004 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben R. Newell ◽  
Sally Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Explicit Memory ◽  
Target Stimulus ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Levels Of Processing ◽  
Depth Of Processing ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Memory ◽  
Processing Effects ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. One interpretation of levels of processing effects (LOP) on priming in implicit tests of memory is in terms of deficits in lexical processing during shallow study tasks. In two experiments the extent of lexical processing engaged in during standard shallow encoding tasks was manipulated by placing the encoding question either before or after the target stimulus. Clear evidence was found in explicit memory tasks that placing the question after the target stimulus increased the depth of processing of words presented in shallow encoding tasks. In contrast, there was no evidence of such an effect on the priming observed in implicit memory tasks. The results suggest that the role of lexical processing in LOP effects on priming requires further specification.

scholarly journals On the noisy spatiotopic encoding of word positions during reading: Evidence from the change-detection task

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Pegado ◽  
Jonathan Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Change Detection Task ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Word Position ◽  
Standard Response ◽  
Position Coding ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The present study builds on our prior work showing evidence for noisy word-position coding in an immediate same-different matching task. In that research, participants found it harder to judge that two successive brief presentations of five-word sequences were different when the difference was caused by transposing two adjacent words compared with different word replacements – a transposition effect. Here we used the change-detection task with a 1-s delay introduced between sequences – a task thought to tap into visual short-term memory. Concurrent articulation was used to limit the contribution of active rehearsal. We used standard response-time (RT) and error-rate analyses plus signal detection theory (SDT) measures of discriminability (d’) and bias (c). We compared the transposition effects for ungrammatical word sequences and nonword sequences observed with these different measures. Although there was some evidence for transposition effects with nonwords, the effects were much larger with word sequences. These findings provide further support for the hypothesized noisy assignment of word identities to spatiotopic locations along a line of text during reading.

scholarly journals Perceptual identification task points to continuity between implicit memory and recall

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Mazancieux ◽  
Tifany Pandiani ◽  
Chris Moulin
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Explicit Memory ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Perceptual Identification ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Subjective Report ◽  
The Face ◽  
Trace Strength ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Memory

Adopting a continuous identification task (CID-R) with embedded questions about prior occurrence, recent research has proposed that implicit and explicit memory are underpinned by a single memory system, since there is a systematic relationship between implicit memory (measured by identification) and explicit memory (measured subjective report of recognition; for an example, see Berry et al., 2008). We were interested whether this pattern would extend to recall of information from a study phase (Experiment 1) or semantic memory (Experiment 2). We developed a degraded face identification version of the CID-R task using Gaussian blur. We reproduced previous results regarding the relationship between explicit responses on the recognition task (old/new) and stimuli identification, pointing to a continuity between explicit and implicit memory. Critically, we also found that the strength of the implicit effect (i.e., stimuli identification) was predicted by the accuracy in recall (retrieval of context in Experiment 1 and correct responses to general knowledge questions about the face in Experiment 2). Our results support the idea that memory is unidimentional and related to memory trace strength; both for recall and recognition, and interestingly, for semantic and episodic recall.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF PUSHKIN STUDIES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF PHILOSOPHERS OF THE FIRST WAVE OF RUSSIAN EMIGRATION: A.V. KARTASHEV AND S.L. FRANC

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Э.М. Афанасьева
Keyword(s):  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Academic Science ◽  
Spiritual World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Russian Intelligentsia ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Prophetic Mission ◽  
Goals And Objectives

Вынужденное расставание с Родиной русской интеллигенцией, не принявшей революционные изменения, и начало первой волны эмиграции произошли на волне незавершенных споров об А.С. Пушкине для судьбы русской культуры. Эти споры стали основой философских концепций о целях и задачах пушкинистики как науки, призванной раскрыть феномен пушкинского творчества. В статье рассматриваются концепции А.В. Карташева и С.Л. Франка. Их работы были написаны к 100-летию со дня смерти А.С. Пушкина. Богослов А.В. Карташев в статье «Лик Пушкина» поставил вопрос о существовании «пассивной пушкинистики». Его концепция заострила внимание на явлении, которое станет важнейшей чертой русской интеллигенции ХХ в. Любительская или народная пушкинистика основана на внимательном отношении к академическому пушкиноведению и связана с читательской рефлексией, основанной на глубочайшем знании жизни и творчества Пушкина. С.Л. Франк обращается к проблеме постановки ключевых задач для академической науки. Они, по мнению философа, включают в себя исследование духовного мира Пушкина как факта национального самопознания. Несмотря на разницу в толковании пушкинистики, оба исследователя основываются на идее пророческой миссии Пушкина и науки, которая исследует его творчество. Russian intellectuals, who did not accept the revolutionary changes, were forced to leave their Homeland, and the beginning of the first wave of emigration took place on the wave of unfinished disputes about Pushkin for the fate of Russian culture. These disputes became the basis of philosophical concepts about the goals and objectives of Pushkin studies as a science designed to reveal the phenomenon of Pushkin's creativity. The article deals with the concepts of V.A. Kartashev and S.L. Frank. Their works were written for the 100th anniversary of Pushkin's death. Theologian V.A. Kartashev in the article The Face of Pushkin raised the question of the existence of «passive Pushkin studies». His concept focused attention on a phenomenon that would become an important feature of the Russian intelligentsia of the XXth century. Amateur or folk Pushkin studies are based on an attentive attitude to academic Pushkin studies and are connected with readers' reflection based on the deepest knowledge of Pushkin's life and work. S.L. Frank addresses the problem of setting key tasks for academic science. They, according to the philosopher, include the study of the spiritual world of Pushkin as a fact of national self-knowledge. Despite the difference in the interpretation of Pushkin studies, both researchers are based on the idea of Pushkin's prophetic mission and the science that explores his work.

Role of pre-sample responses during acquisition of 2-item change detection task

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Magnotti ◽  
Jacquelyne Rivera ◽  
Caitlin Elmore ◽  
Anthony Wright ◽  
Jeffrey Katz
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Change Detection Task
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