The Isolation of Pyrroloformamide Congeners and Characterization of Its Biosynthetic Gene Cluster from Streptomyces sp. CB02980 Revealed a Unified Mechanism for Dithiolopyrrolone Biosynthesis
Dithiolopyrrolones are microbial natural products containing a disulfide or thiosulfonate bridge embedded in a unique bicyclic structure. In the current study, two new dithiolopyrrolones, pyrroloformamide C (<b>3</b>) and pyrroloformamide D (<b>4</b>), were isolated from <i>Streptomyces </i>sp. CB02980, together with the known pyrroloformamides <b>1 </b>and <b>2</b>. The biosynthetic gene cluster for pyrroloformamides was identified from <i>S</i>. sp. CB02980, which shared high sequence similarity with those of dithiolopyrrolones, including holomycin and thiolutin. Gene replacement of pyfE, which encodes a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, abolished the production of <b>1</b>-<b>4</b>. Overexpression of <i>pyfN</i>, a type II thioesterase gene, increased the production of <b>1</b> and <b>2</b>. The structure elucidation and biosynthetic characterization of pyrroloformamides <b>1</b> - <b>4</b> may inspire future efforts to discover new dithiolopyrrolones, which are promising drug leads for the treatment of infectious diseases or cancer.