scholarly journals UNIVERSAL MAN: The Seven Lives of John Maynard Keynes

10.26458/1545 ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Criatian Uta
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
World War ◽  
John Maynard Keynes ◽  
Bretton Woods ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Policy Measures

John Maynard Keynes was one of the most influential personalities of the twentieth century. It is considered one of the creators of what today we call Macroeconomics. He played an important role during the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944, after which were put up substantial postwar financial institutions such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. The economic policy measures he proposed prevailed in the first decades after World War II and saw a revival in recent years due to the financial crisis of 2008-2009. His works on economics have seen many editions and have been translated into most languages.  

Agency and Accountability in Multilateral Development Finance: An Agenda for Change

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-140
Author(s):  
Sophie E. Smyth
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
World War ◽  
Development Finance ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Copenhagen Accord ◽  
The World ◽  
Aid Architecture

Recent development challenges highlight a pressing need to re-evaluate whether the post-World War II behemoths of multilateral development finance are up to the tasks being demanded of them today. The institutions that dominate the current order, the United Nations (“UN”) and the World Bank, are undergoing a crisis of confidence as the world’s development aid donors engage in an ongoing quest to find alternatives to them. This quest takes the form of setting up numerous funds narrowly tailored to finance specific, narrowly-defined needs. Examples of these funds include the Global Environment Trust Fund (GEF) and the Global Fund to Fight HIV Aids, Malaria and Tuberculosis. The Climate Change Fund, proposed in the December 2009 Copenhagen Accord (and recently renamed the Green Climate Fund), is poised to follow this approach. This ad hoc special purpose fund approach lacks a coherent, unifying vision of how to meet today’s development challenges. The funds that have been created fill a need but suffer from several deficits, ranging from governance gaps and lacunae in accountability, to high transaction costs and uncertain status in the international political and legal order. These deficits generate new risks and costs for the international aid architecture. In this Article, I argue that the time has come to re-design the interrelationship between these special purpose funds and the UN and the World Bank so that these funds can operate in sync with these institutions rather than as bypasses of them.

scholarly journals O banco e o arranjo de reserva dos BRICS em perspectiva

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 406-426
Author(s):  
Jackson Ribeiro ◽  
Gilberto Maringoni
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Economic Governance ◽  
Development Bank ◽  
Bretton Woods ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
New Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Bretton Woods Institutions

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os documentos da cúpula dos BRICS de Fortaleza, ocorrida em julho de 2014 que criou duas instituições financeiras, o Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento - NBD - e o Arranjo Contingencial de Reservas - ACR. São iniciativas importantes para estreitar os laços do grupo que reúne Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul, além de servirem para alargar a ordem monetária e financeira internacional. O NBD e o ACR são complementares às instituições multilaterais tradicionais de Bretton Woods: Banco Mundial e FMI. Complementares, pois foi adotada uma orientação cautelosa na criação desses arranjos protagonizados pelos BRICS. Tais arranjos alternativos incorporaram muitas prerrogativas e princípios do Banco Mundial e FMI, como a necessidade de acordo de cada país membro para acessar parte relevante de recursos no ACR. Mesmo incorporando prerrogativas e os princípios dominantes nessas organizações tradicionais NBD e ACR criam ambientes institucionais com potencial para possibilitar novos desdobramentos.     Abstract: This article aims to analyse the documents of the BRICS Fortaleza summit held in July 2014 that created two financial institutions, the New Development Bank – NDB and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement – CRA. They are important initiatives to strengthen the ties of the group that includes Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, as well as serve to broaden the international monetary and financial order. NDB and CRA are complementary to traditional multilateral Bretton Woods institutions: the World Bank and the IMF. Complementary, because a cautious orientation was adopted in the creation of these BRICS arrangements. Such alternative arrangements have incorporated many prerogatives and principles of the World Bank and IMF, such as the need for each member country to agree to access a relevant part of the resources in the CRA. Even incorporating prerogatives and the dominant principles in these traditional NDB and CRA organisations create institutional environments with the potential to enable further unfoldings. Keywords: BRICS; NDB; ACR; ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE.     Recebido em: fevereiro/2019. Aprovado em: setembro/2019.

scholarly journals IFIs’ Conditionalities, Poverty Reduction, and Employment

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (4II) ◽  
pp. 435-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabur Ghayur
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
World War ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
International Financial Architecture ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World

Rising from the debris of the World War-II and also the devastations caused by the great depression of 1930s, the Bretton Woods twins—international monetary fund (IMF) and the world bank; rather the world bank group1—have over the years emerged as important players of the international financial arena. They are the major component of international financial architecture in addressing global macro and financial stability. The Bank together with the regional multi-lateral development banks (MDBs), such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for the Asian and the Pacific region, is making its contribution in building necessary infrastructure needed to initiate and support the development process, the recent reduced emphasis on such projects notwithstanding.

New Light on Harry Dexter White

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Boughton
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Eisenhower Administration ◽  
World War ◽  
Founding Father ◽  
John Maynard Keynes ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Public Defense ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

Harry Dexter White is remembered today as the “other” founding father of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, almost always as an afterthought as homage is paid to his far more renowned British counterpart, John Maynard Keynes. In the months leading up to and beyond the U.S. entry into World War II, White and Keynes independently drafted plans for a postwar stabilization fund aimed at restoring multilateral trade with convertible currencies. They traded plans in 1942 and then worked jointly on increasingly detailed proposals that led eventually to the creation of the IMF and World Bank. White is also remembered as a man who was accused of being a Soviet spy during the war, who died of a heart attack in 1948 just three days after giving a spirited and emotional public defense of his character before the House Un-American Activities Committee, and whose name was dragged out prominently five years later in an ugly battle between the Eisenhower Administration and former President Truman. Squeezed into the shadows between the luminosity of Keynes and the glaring excesses of McCarthyism, White's reputation has long been in need of a more sober inspection in the light of history.

scholarly journals Poverty Consequences of Globalisation in OIC Countries: A Comparative Analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (4II) ◽  
pp. 479-492
Author(s):  
M. Tariq Majeed
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
World Population ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Second Period

Williamson (2002) points out that ‘the world has seen two globalisation booms over the past two centuries and one bust. The first global century ended with World War I and the second started at the end of World War II, while the years in between were ones of anti-global backlash’. In the first period of globalisation, poverty fell from 84 percent in 1820 to 66 percent in 1910. In the second period of globalisation poverty fell from 55 percent in 1950 to 24 percent in 1992. In the inter-war period, the world population living in poverty remains probably stagnant. The historical negative relationship between globalisation and poverty masks variations within and between countries in their experiences with globalisation. Many decades of increasing globalisation have not yet silenced the debate over the benefits of globalisation. The fierce street protests surrounding the ministerial meeting of the WTO and similar protests at the World Bank and the IMF show that anti-globalisation debate is getting strong.

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