GATT Article XXI, the Continuous Quest for Clarifying its Material Scope, and the WTO Panel Report on Russia - Measures concerning Traffic in Transit

Abstract This paper reviews the World Trade Organization (WTO) Panel Report Russia – Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit of April 2019. It constitutes the first attempt to disentangle the legal and political aspects related to the invoked essential security interests from the economic considerations underlying the measures imposed on the transit through Russia of goods exported from Ukraine to the Republic of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. One the one hand, the panel's interpretation of Article XXI of the GATT denies Members unilateral determination over security exceptions. It further enables a pathway for future WTO panels to review possible abuses of security exceptions – a growing concern due to the rising complexity of transnational economic relations. On the other hand, our economic analysis suggests a stricter assessment of Russia's transit restrictions was necessary. In particular, it argues that the panel adopted a circular assessment when considering the plausibility of whether Russia implemented its measures for the protection of its essential security interests at a time of emergency in international relations. Ultimately, although the panel's focus on finding a diplomatic and legal path forward failed economic scrutiny a legal assessment argues that the panel's findings fit the legal design of Article XXI:b of the GATT.

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Intercontinental and transcontinental mail transit times from Europe to Berkeley, 1892 to 1941

Archives of Natural History ◽

10.3366/anh.1986.13.2.141 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 141-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

RUDOLF SCHMID

Keyword(s):

Transit Times ◽

In Transit

SUMMARY Mail transit times from Germany to Berkeley, California, are computed for issues of the current awareness journals Botanisches Centralblatt (1880–1945) and the interdisciplinary Naturae Novitates (1879–1944). Issues of the former for 1892 to 1902 averaged 29.3 days (31.2 days if abnormal times are included) in transit from Kassel to Berkeley, with many issues (92) requiring only 20 to 25 days for intercontinental and transcontinental transit. Mail transit of Naturae Novitates from Berlin to Berkeley averaged 40.7 days (42 if abnormal times are included) per issue for 1903 to 1916 and 44 days (51.1 days) per issue for 1922 to 1941 (cumulatively averaging 42 days, or 45.9 days for abnormal times), with some issues in 1906 requiring only 11-12 days for intercontinental and transcontinental transit. A smaller sampling for Nature for 1923 and 1930 gave averages of, respectively, 21.5 and 22.4 days, with a minimum of 14 days in both years. These times are consistent with known transatlantic and transcontinental, ship and rail, mail transit times for these periods, as tabulated from various sources. For perspective, early intercontinental and transcontinental air transit times and pre-1892 intercontinental ship transit times are also tabulated.

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Pablo Neruda's Transnational Modernist Networks: Colombo-Madrid-London-Buenos Aires (1927–1933)

Modernist Cultures ◽

10.3366/mod.2017.0168 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 198-225

Author(s):

Patricia Novillo-Corvalán

Keyword(s):

Chamber Music ◽

Latin American ◽

Buenos Aires ◽

Cultural Institutions ◽

Complex Composition ◽

British Colonial ◽

The One ◽

Composition Process ◽

In Transit ◽

Standing Question

This article positions Pablo Neruda's poetry collection Residence on Earth I (written between 1925–1931 and published in 1933) as a ‘text in transit’ that allows us to trace the development of transnational modernist networks through the text's protracted physical journey from British colonial Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to Madrid, and from José Ortega y Gasset's Revista de Occidente (The Western Review) to T. S. Eliot's The Criterion. By mapping the text's diasporic movement, I seek to reinterpret its complex composition process as part of an anti-imperialist commitment that proposes a form of aesthetic solidarity with artistic modernism in Ceylon, on the one hand, and as a vehicle through which to interrogate the reception and categorisation of Latin American writers and their cultural institutions in a British periodical such as The Criterion, on the other. I conclude with an examination of Neruda's idiosyncratic Spanish translation of Joyce's Chamber Music, which was published in the Buenos Aires little magazine Poesía in 1933, positing that this translation exercise takes to further lengths his decolonising views by giving new momentum to the long-standing question of Hiberno-Latin American relations.

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