scholarly journals Separating the Political from the Economic: The Russia–Traffic in Transit Panel Report

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Pramila Crivelli ◽  
Mona Pinchis-Paulsen
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The Political ◽  
Panel Report ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
In Transit ◽  
Economic Considerations

Abstract This paper reviews the World Trade Organization (WTO) Panel Report Russia – Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit of April 2019. It constitutes the first attempt to disentangle the legal and political aspects related to the invoked essential security interests from the economic considerations underlying the measures imposed on the transit through Russia of goods exported from Ukraine to the Republic of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. One the one hand, the panel's interpretation of Article XXI of the GATT denies Members unilateral determination over security exceptions. It further enables a pathway for future WTO panels to review possible abuses of security exceptions – a growing concern due to the rising complexity of transnational economic relations. On the other hand, our economic analysis suggests a stricter assessment of Russia's transit restrictions was necessary. In particular, it argues that the panel adopted a circular assessment when considering the plausibility of whether Russia implemented its measures for the protection of its essential security interests at a time of emergency in international relations. Ultimately, although the panel's focus on finding a diplomatic and legal path forward failed economic scrutiny a legal assessment argues that the panel's findings fit the legal design of Article XXI:b of the GATT.

The climate as political space: on the territorialisation of the global carbon cycle

2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
EVA LÖVBRAND ◽  
JOHANNES STRIPPLE
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Global Carbon Cycle ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Transformation ◽  
The World ◽  
Climate Space ◽  
Global Movements ◽  
The One ◽  
Global Carbon

International Relations have increasingly projected an image of the world where territoriality has lost its organising force. The global movements of people, information, capital and pollution are seen as signs of increasing deterritorialisation. Climate change is one of these issues ‘beyond borders’ that due to its global framing has been established within the international. This article is an investigation into the political geography of the carbon cycle. We approach the tension between the representations of climate space as global and deterritorial on the one hand, and political practices that reterritorialise the climate on the other. We trace the political transformation of the global carbon cycle into ‘national sinks’ and argue that the two tendencies of deterritorialisation and reterritorialisation of climate space mirror the spatial assumptions of IR; the national inside and global outside.

scholarly journals MODERN DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF THE FOREIGN TRADE IN THE CONTEXT OF POLAND AND AZERBAIJAN

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toghrul Allahmanli
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The People ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Market Relations

The collapse of the Soviet empire led countries to gain their independence. Azerbaijan was one of these countries in a country with a very centuries-old history. The Republic of Azerbaijan, which declared its independence in 1991, underwent reforms to restore its economy. The main goal was to change the mechanism of governing the economy left over from Communism. He first signed the Contract of the Century in 1994. At the same time, it stimulated the development of not only economic relations but also international relations. At the same time, the genocide committed by Armenians in 1989 was a great blow to the people of Azerbaijan. It has been 30 years since the occupation of up to 20% of the territory of Azerbaijan and the failure of the Armenians to return the occupied lands.At a time when capitalism is at its peak in the age of globalization, the unexpected COVID-19 virus, which has frightened the whole world, is causing unexpected damage to the world economy. One of them was Azerbaijan. At a time when capitalism is at its peak in the age of globalization, the unexpected COVID-19 virus, which has frightened the whole world, is causing unexpected damage to the world economy. One of them was Azerbaijan. The shrinking of Azerbaijan's economy to 4% will lead to the development of new reforms in one way or another.Azerbaijan's economy, based on a market economy, will be hampered by both a pandemic and the fact that the neighboring country is at war. According to forecasts, the country's economy is expected to shrink by 10%.Azerbaijan's relations with Poland, one of its main Western allies, are helping both in economic and other terms. Azerbaijan is a country with its products in the European market. Relations with Poland, a key partner, are growing stronger.

6. Regional Trade Agreements

2020 ◽  
pp. 140-174
Author(s):  
John Ravenhill
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Regional Trade Agreements ◽  
The Political ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Economic Considerations

This chapter assesses regional trade agreements (RTAs). The number of RTAs has grown rapidly since the World Trade Organization (WTO) came into existence in 1995. Roughly one-half of world trade is now conducted within these preferential trade arrangements, the most significant exception to the WTO's principle of non-discrimination. Governments have entered regional economic agreements motivated by a variety of political and economic considerations. They may prefer trade liberalization on a regional rather than a global basis for several reasons. The chapter then reviews the political economy of regionalism: why RTAs are established; which actors are likely to support regional rather than global trade liberalization; the effects that regionalism has had on the trade and welfare of members and non-members; and the relationship between liberalization at the regional and global levels.

Deleuze and Italian Thought

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felice Cimatti
Keyword(s):  
Human Subject ◽  
Gilles Deleuze ◽  
The Political ◽  
The World ◽  
Giacomo Leopardi ◽  
The One

The tradition of Italian Thought – not the political one but the poetic and naturalistic one – finds in the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze a way to enter into the new century, the century of immanence and animality. In fact, Deleuze himself remained outside the main philosophical traditions of his own time (structuralism and phenomenology). The tradition to which Deleuze refers is the one that begins with Spinoza and ends with Nietzsche. It is an ontological tradition, which deals mainly with life and the world rather than with the human subject and knowledge. Finally, the text sketches a possible dialogue between Deleuze and the poet-philosopher Giacomo Leopardi, one of the most important (and still unknown) figures of Italian Thought.

scholarly journals Afterword: The Linkage Problem—Comments on Five Texts

2002 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
International Economic Relations ◽  
The World

The problem of linkage between “nontrade” subjects and the World Trade Organization is certainly one of the most pressing and challenging policy puzzles for international economic relations and institutions today. It is extensively and harshly debated by political leaders and diplomats, at both the national and the international levels of discourse, and is one of several issues that derailed the WTO Third Ministerial Conference in Seattle in late 1999. It also posed problems for the Fourth Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar, in November of 2001, and it threatens to derail the successful functions of the WTO itself.

scholarly journals Palestine’s Joining the World Trade Organization

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Mohammed I. M. Hamdan ◽  
Mohamed Shawky Abd El-Aal ◽  
Abidin Abdul Hamid Kandil
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The Other ◽  
Oslo Accords ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

The current study attempts to highlight the stages of Palestine’s joining the World Trade Organization (WTO) and steps that should be followed by Palestine to join the World Trade Organization from the observer to the member. It also clarifies how Palestine joins the World Trade Organization as a state and then as a customs territory. The problem of this study lies in determining the legal effects of Palestine's joining the World Trade Organization as a state on the one hand and as a customs territory on the other. The study aims at clarifying the stages that Palestine will go through in case of joining the World Trade Organization, the steps that Palestine should take to join the World Trade Organization, and the mechanism that should be followed when Palestine joins the World Trade Organization as a state, and then as a customs territory. The study concluded that Palestine must join the World Trade Organization as a customs territory as soon as possible in order to avoid any discussion about the final legal status of its territories according to the Oslo Accords. 

scholarly journals Ch.7 Geographical Indications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Correa Carlos Maria
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Trips Agreement ◽  
Geographical Indications ◽  
The World ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
The One ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
Paris Convention

This chapter describes how the adoption of the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement represented an important step for the international recognition of geographical indications. Geographical indications have three basic functions. They provide information about the name of a product; the geographical origin of the product; and a given quality, reputation, or characteristics attributable to a geographical area. Although such indications were covered under some prior international conventions—such as the Paris Convention, the Madrid Agreement, and the Lisbon Agreement—the scope and membership of such conventions offered a protection considerably more limited than the one granted by the TRIPS Agreement. However, significant controversies still dominate the discussion of this issue at the World Trade Organization (WTO). In particular, disagreement exists about the modes of implementing the registration of geographical indications under Article 23.4 of the Agreement. Moreover, a number of developed and developing countries have proposed to expand to other products the special protection only available today for wines and spirits.

scholarly journals (Im)possible Escape? H. G. Wells, Utopia and the World State

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 235-241
Author(s):  
Barbara Klonowska
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Nation State ◽  
World State ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Utopian Studies ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Recent Monograph

This article reviews the recent monograph by Maxim Shadurski, The Nationality of Utopia. H. G. Wells, England, and the World State (New York: Routledge, 2020) in the context of utopian studies on the one hand, and the political ideas of the nation state vs. world state on the other.

scholarly journals Conflicts in the environment of Russian political emigration in Switzerland in 1870

10.33287/1195 ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Ю. І. Коломоєць
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
Royal Power ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
The World ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The One ◽  
Russian Section

Russian political emigration from the beginning of its birth in the first half of the nineteenth century was constantly in search of forms and methods of struggle with royal power in the homeland. Detachment from Russia, the feeling of isolation that was inherent in emigration to the early twentieth century, were an important factor in the ongoing conflicts that took place in its environment. We note the conflicts between the «old» and the «young» emigration in the late 1860’s, between the Marxists and the populists of the 1880’s, between the revolutionary Marxists and the «economists» at the end of the 1890’s. All of these, as a rule, were due to excessive the ambitions of some leaders, the attempt to become the «rulers of ideas» for revolutionary youth, due to significant financial problems. In the list of these and similar conflicts there are events of 1870, when in the environment of political emigration there are two serious confrontations between the leader of anarchists M. Bakunin on the one hand and S. Nechaev or «Russian section of the First International» - on the other. These conflicts significantly influenced the situation in emigration, disorganized it, weakened the ability to fight the tsarist regime. They were accompanied by sharp accusations, searches for compromising materials, attempts to get support from leaders of the world revolutionary movement. The ambitions of young revolutionaries such as S. Nechaev or M. Utin were also connected with the attempt to take the main place among the emigrants, moving to the background of former leaders M. Bakunin, M. Ogarev, P. Lavrov. All this led to split in emigrant colonies, which consisted mainly of student youth. Violent discussions, accusations, boycotts became a hallmark of emigrant life. Basically, all these events took place in Switzerland, which at that time already became the center of not only Russian, but also international political emigration. Conflicts were directed at the political annihilation of the opponents, which subsequently resulted in the arrest and extradition to the Russian government of S. Nechaev in 1872, the cessation of the activities of the Russian Section of the First International and the return of M. Utin to Russia and the cessation of revolutionary activity in general. The positive side of these conflicts was the rallying of emigrants around their leaders, better information on the state of affairs in their environment, the development of new forms and methods of interaction and the strengthening of the role of revolutionaries from Russia itself.

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