The process-disruption hypothesis: how spelling and typing skill affects written composition process and product

This study investigates the possibility that lack of fluency in spelling and/or typing disrupts writing processes in such a way as to cause damage to the substance (content and structure) of the resulting text. 101 children (mean age 11 years 10 months), writing in a relatively shallow orthography (Norwegian), composed argumentative essays using a simple text editor that provided accurate timing for each keystroke. Production fluency was assessed in terms of both within-word and word-initial interkey intervals and pause counts. We also assessed the substantive quality of completed texts. Students also performed tasks in which we recorded time to pressing keyboard keys in response to spoken letter names (a keyboard knowledge measure), response time and interkey intervals when spelling single, spoken words (spelling fluency), and interkey intervals when typing a simple sentence from memory (transcription fluency). Analysis by piecewise structural equation modelling gave clear evidence that all three of these measures predict fluency when composing full text. Students with longer mid-word interkey intervals when composing full text tended to produce texts with slightly weaker theme development. However, we found no other effects of composition fluency measures on measures of the substantive quality of the completed text. Our findings did not, therefore, provide support for the process-disruption hypothesis, at least in the context of upper-primary students writing in a shallow orthography.

Model Electrochemical Biosensor for the Detection of Methanol in Aqueous Solutions with Yeast Cells

An electrochemical device that serves as a model biosensor and contains yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the active biological element was developed. Different configurations of the electrochemical cells were assembled and tested. Stainless steel was used in the electrochemical cell composition process and the surface of this metal electrode was modified with a thin layer of WO3 if necessary. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was adhered to the working electrode. The resulting model biosensor was then used to monitor the response to a 10% CH3OH. For detection of biological activity, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method was applied with a portable potentiostat/galvanostat, where the Bode and the Nyquist plots were interpreted. The stability of the device was beforehand determined by measuring the open circuit potential (OCP). The topography of the electrodes was inspected using the techniques of scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. The investigated model biosensor as a case study for the development of more complex biosensors that utilize living cells as the active layer.

Semantic relation priming is not constituent-specific: Evidence from ERP

It is humankind's unique wisdom to compose a limited number of words together through specific rules to convey endless information. Researchers have found that this composition process also plays a vital role in the comprehension of compounds. The specific manifestation is relation priming; that is, the previously used relation will promote subsequent word processing using the same relation. This priming phenomenon is bound to morpheme repetition (modifier or head). This study combines a self-paced priming paradigm with electrophysiological technology to explore whether relation priming will occur without sharing morphemes and its time course. We found that relation priming can occur independently of morpheme-repetition, which shows an independent representation of relation information. And it has been activated at a very early stage (about 200ms). As the word processing progresses, this activation gradually strengthens, indicating that the relation's role is slowly increasing in the process of compound word recognition. It may first be used as a kind of context information to help determine the constituent morphemes' meaning. After the meaning access of the constituent morphemes, they begin to play a role in the semantic composition process. This study uses electrophysiological technology to precisely describe the representation of relation and its time course for the first time. Which gives us a deeper understanding of the relation priming process, and at the same time, sheds light on the meaning construction process of compounds.

COMPOSITIONAL PROCESS OF MOBILE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT BASED ON HETEROGENEOUS SOFTWARE OBJECTS

Несмотря на множество доступных мобильных приложений с различными формами реализации (например, компонент, услуга или приложение), потребности пользователя отличаются от одного к другому. Кроме того, мобильные устройства характеризуются разнородными программными и аппаратными конфигурациями. Таким образом, важной проблемой при разработке мобильных приложений является их развертывание на доступных разнородных устройствах. Для решения этих проблем необходим процесс композиции, позволяющий повторно использовать существующие разнородные объекты для разработки мобильных приложений в соответствии с требованиями пользователя, и чтобы поведение желаемых приложений можно было настраивать в соответствии с их различной контекстной информацией. В статье эта проблема решается на основе процесса создания мобильных приложений с учетом контекста на основе существующих гетерогенных программных объектов. Despite the many mobile applications available with different forms of implementation (for example, a component, service or application), the user's needs differ from one to another. In addition, mobile devices are characterized by heterogeneous software and hardware configurations. Thus, an important problem in the development of mobile applications is their deployment on available heterogeneous devices. To solve these problems, we need a composition process that allows us to reuse existing heterogeneous objects for developing mobile applications in accordance with the user's requirements, and so that the behavior of the desired applications can be customized according to their different contextual information. In the article, this problem is solved on the basis of the process of creating mobile applications taking into account the context on the basis of existing heterogeneous program objects.

Micro-Injection Molding of Polymer Nanocomposites Composition-Process-Properties Relationship

The mechanical, electrical, thermal, and rheological properties of micro injection molded nanocomposites comprising 2% and 5% carbon nanotubes (CNTs) incorporated in polycarbonate (PC), and polyamide 66 (PA) were studied. The design of experiments method was used to investigate the composition-process – properties relationship. Results indicated that the process variables significantly affected the flow patterns and resulting morphology during the filling stage of the microinjection molding (lIM) process, using 0.45 mm diameter lIM samples. Two distinct flow regimes have been identified in lIM using the low cross-section samples. The first was a conventional “fountain flow,” which resulted in a skin/core structure and reduced volume resistivity up to 10 X cm in the case of 5% CNTs and up to 100 X cm in 2% CNTs, in both polymers, respectively. In addition, inferior mechanical properties were obtained, attributed to polymer degradation under high shear rate conditions, when practicing high injection speeds, high mold temperatures, and high screw rotation velocities. The second was a “plug flow” due to wall slippage, obtained under low injection speeds, low mold temperatures, and low rotation velocities, leading to a substantial increase in modulus of elasticity (60%) with increased electrical resistivity up to 103 X cm for 5% CNTs and 105 X cm for 2% CNTs, respectively. The rheological percolation threshold was obtained at 2% CNTs while the electrical threshold was attained at 0.4% CNTs, in both polymers. It was concluded that in lIM, the process conditions should be closely monitored. In the case of high viscous heating, degradation of mechanical properties was obtained, while skin- core morphology formation enhanced electrical conductivity.

Digital Interactivity: A New Impetus for Musical Composition?

Цель данной статьи - рассмотреть, как особенности нарастающей технической среды могут спровоцировать сдвиг ориентиров в современном композиторском мышлении. Автор соотносит традиционное музыковедение с другими научными сферами, делая акцент на некоторых философско-антропологических тезисах о «диалоге» человека с собственными изобретениями. Объектом исследования послужила совместная работа специалиста в сфере музыкальной информатики Кристофа Лебретона и исполнителя на ударных инструментах Жана Жоффруа над проектами двух авторов: Тьерри Де Мея и Винсента Рафаэля Каринолы. Таким образом, две последние части статьи посвящены ключевым феноменам, относящимся к сочинительскому процессу анализируемых произведений: интерактивность и работа с жестом с помощью цифровых инструментов. The purpose of this article is to consider how the peculiarities of the growing technical environment can provoke any movement in modern composer thinking. The author correlates traditional musicology with other scientific spheres, focusing on some philosophical and anthropological theses about a human's “dialogue” with his own inventions. The object of the research became the common work of a specialist in the field of music informatics Christophe Lebreton and a percussionist Jean Geoffroy on projects by two authors: Thierry De Mey and Vincent-Rapha4l Carinola. Thus, the last two parts of the paper are devoted to the key phenomena in their composition process: interactivity and work with gesture while using digital instruments.

Qos Correlation with Constraint Based Optimal Service Selection in Composition

In a service-oriented architecture, service composition plays an important role as a key technology for integrating complex web applications. The service selection as part of the service composition process attracted towards Quality of Service as mandatory criteria for optimal selection of services for the composition process. While fulfilling the non-functional requirements from the user among a functionally similar list of services is a very challenging task. Web services are treating Software as a Service for building web applications. The Quality of Service correlation of services with constraints for selection of service is proposed in this paper. Experimental results of correlation without constraint method and proposed method show that our method outperforms over existing approach.

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS OF FACTORS AND EXPERIMENTAL-STATISTICAL MODELS IN STUDIES OF BUILDING COMPOSITES

The introduction to the article presents the objects of research, for which the proposed approach to modelling and the types of the models are intended. These are high quality composite building materials, the multicomponent dispersed systems, with the components that could be multicomponent themselves. The need to use for their design the mathematical models of the dependences of structure parameters and properties of the material on the factors of composition and processes of production and operation is noted. Then the background of experimental-statistical (ES) models application in research and development of composite materials is considered. What they are needed for is emphasized. The peculiarities of these models are noted in contrast to the models of other classes, including the usual regression ones. The necessity of experiment design to build ES-models is also emphasized. Special types of ES-models are named, for the cases when it is necessary to consider linearly related factors ("mixtures"). The expediency of structurizing the system of all the factors under consideration and the corresponding ES-models is indicated to. The concept of a priori and a posteriori structuring of factor systems when modeling is proposed. Systems that could include subsystems of linearly related factors and subsystems of mutually independent factors separated out at the stage of a priori structuring have been called “mixtures, technologies" systems and classified by the type of factor domains. System designations are given. Special polynomial models developed for them are presented. For the analysis of modelling results, a posteriori allocation of the factor regions and the use of tools of composition-process fields methodology are proposed. The local fields of material properties in coordinates of one or another group of the factors and their transformation under the influence of the factors of another group can be analysed, using numerical generalizing indices of the local fields and the secondary models for these indices. The path from obtaining data of designed natural experiment for building the primary ES-models to the secondary models, for generalizing indices, based on the results of computational experiment, is schematically shown.