scholarly journals Differentiation of Self and Hope Mediated by Resilience: Gender Differences

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-43
Author(s):  
Masoud Sadeghi ◽  
Usha Barahmand ◽  
Somaye Roshannia
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Systems Theory ◽  
Family Systems ◽  
Differentiation Of Self ◽  
Family Systems Theory ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Emotional Cutoff

The intent of the present study was to examine the associations among differentiation of self, resilience and hope. Extending Bowen’s family systems theory to adolescents in a middle eastern culture, we anticipated age and gender-based differences in the level of the constructs as well as in the associations among them. Employing a multistage cluster sampling procedure, a sample of 300 adolescents (132 girls and 168 boys) ranging in age from 14 to 19 years old (M = 16.36 years; SD = 1.24) were recruited from junior and senior high schools in Khoramabad. Data were collected through self-report measures, Differentiation of Self Inventory, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and Snyder Hope Scale, and analyzed via descriptive statistics, correlations and bootstrap analyses. Higher scores of differentiation were related to greater resilience and hope. Scores on I-position, emotional cutoff and fusion with others were also associated with resilience and hope. Age and gender differences emerged in certain components of differentiation. However, a moderated mediation analysis revealed no moderating effects of age and gender in the association between differentiation and resilience. Separate gender based bootstrapping results for mediation highlighted the specific indirect paths that resilience has in the relationship between I-position and hope in adolescent boys and between emotional closeness (low emotional cutoff) and hope in adolescent girls. Findings are discussed with regard to the cross-cultural validity of Bowen family systems theory.

scholarly journals Age- and Gender-Based Differences in Nest-Building Behavior and Learning and Memory Performance Measured Using a Radial Six-Armed Water Maze in C57BL/6 Mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang-Dong Xiong ◽  
Wei-Dong Xiong ◽  
Shang-Shen Xiong ◽  
Gui-Hai Chen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Nest Building ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Building Behavior ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Old Mice

Background. Understanding age-based and gender-based behavioral changes is becoming more important as a greater percentage of people lives longer worldwide. In this study, a C57BL/6 mouse animal model was used to study age-based and gender-based behavioral differences using nest building and radial six-armed water maze (RAWM) testing. Methods. In C57BL/6 mice, nest-building behavior was recorded as nesting scores, while spatial learning and memory behaviors were assessed using RAWM platform search errors and latencies. Results. In the nest-building test, nest building significantly declined in nineteen 25-month-old mice compared to that of twenty-three 7-month-old mice. Meanwhile, nest building in 25-month-old mice was lower for eight male mice than for eleven female mice, while no significant gender differences were observed in nest building of 7-month-old mice. RAWM performance also declined in aged versus nonaged adult mice, while no significant gender differences were observed in average RAWM performance regardless of age. Conclusions. In adult C57BL/6 mice, nest building is a sensitive indicator for detecting both age- and gender-based behavioral declines, while RAWM performance, an assessment of spatial learning and memory behaviors, is not sensitive to gender but significantly declines with aging. Therefore, for a C57BL/6 mouse model of aging, both nest building and RAWM should be useful to further study mechanisms involved in behavioral decline with aging.

scholarly journals A-38 A Different Approach for Examining Gender Differences on Computerized Neurocognitive Testing: Percentile Ranks Versus Composite Scores

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 634-634
Author(s):  
P Schatz ◽  
K Slicer ◽  
R J Elbin
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Motor Speed ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Composite Scores

Abstract Objective ImPACT is a popular tool used to assess neurocognitive function after concussion. Age- and gender-based percentile ranks are provided as part of the ImPACT clinical report, but only raw composite scores are provided for research. Percentile ranks may provide an alternate look at gender differences on neurocognitive testing. We sought to compare the use of percentile ranks versus composite scores when comparing neurocognitive performance between male and females. Method Pre-season baseline data from 3,238 collegiate athletes were exported from a larger multi-site database, 1,714 male (53%) and 1,524 female (47%), ages 18–22 (Mean = 19.3, SD = 1.2). ImPACT composite scores were extracted (Verbal Memory, Visual Memory, Visual Motor Speed, Reaction Time) and Percentile Ranks were calculated using age- and gender-based reference tables in the ImPACT 2017–2012 Technical Manual. One-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) were conducted with gender as the IV and the four composite scores and their associated percentile ranks as the DVs. Bonferroni correction for 8 comparisons set the alpha level to p < .006. Results ANOVAs revealed a significant effect of gender on ImPACT Verbal Memory [F(1,3236) = 16.32, p < .001], Visual Memory [F(1,3236) = 66.06, p < .001], Visual Motor Speed [F(1,3236) = 15.61,p < .001] but not Reaction Time [F(1,3236) = 2.59, p = .11]. When using percentile ranks, ANOVAs revealed a significant effect of gender on only Visual Motor Speed [F(1,3236) = 31.07, p < .001], but not Verbal Memory [F(1,3236) = 2.43, p = .12], Visual Memory [F(1,3236) = 0.48, p = .49], or Reaction Time [F(1,3236) = 0.61, p = .44]. Conclusions Use of ImPACT Composite Scores in concussion research may exaggerate or inappropriately promote gender differences on computerized neurocognitive testing. Given that age- and gender-based normative data are available, use of percentile ranks is recommended.

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