Objective: As two common neurodevelopmental disorders, autistic spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder frequently occur together. Until now, only a few studies have investigated the co-occurrence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autistic spectrum disorder, this is due to restrictions associated with previous Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Most previous research has focused on the developmental trajectories for autistic spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder separately, while the neural mechanisms underpinning the co-occurrence of autistic spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder remain largely unknown. Methods: We studied 162 autistic spectrum disorder individuals (including 79 co-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and 83 non-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients) and 177 typical developing individuals using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange II, an aggregated magnetic resonance imaging dataset from 19 centers. Independent component analysis was used to extract sub-networks from the classic resting-state networks. Functional connectivity values within (intra-iFC) and between (inter-iFC) these networks were then determined. Subsequently, we compared the ASD_coADHD group with the ASD_nonADHD group in relation to the abnormal intra-iFC and inter-iFC of autistic spectrum disorder group relative to the typical developing group. Results: The ASD_coADHD group showed more severe social impairment and decreased intra-iFC in the bilateral posterior cingulate cortex of the default mode network (independent component 17) and increased inter-iFC between the default mode network (independent component 8) and the somatomotor networks (independent component 2) compared to the ASD_nonADHD group. In addition, the strength of the intra-iFC in the default mode network was associated with the severity of autistic traits across the entire autistic spectrum disorder group and particularly the ASD_coADHD group. Conclusion: Our results showed that dysfunction of the default mode network is a central feature in the co-occurrence of autistic spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, including connectivity within the default mode network as well as between the default mode network and the somatomotor networks, thus supporting the existence of a clinically combined phenotype (autistic spectrum disorder + attention deficit hyperactivity disorder).
Motor impairment in children with autistic spectrum disorder and in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
