Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction in Cancer Patients after Operations on the Pelvic Organs

The review is devoted to the generalization and analysis of domestic and foreign works describing the mechanism of development of neurogenic dysfunction of the bladder after surgery on the pelvic organs in cancer patients. All modern authors agree that the cause of these disorders is trauma of the pelvic nerves and interruption of the reflex arc. Unfortunately, when removing malignant tumors of the pelvic organs, urological complications are difficult and often impossible to avoid. This is due to the complex neuroanatomy of the bladder, its proximity to the rectum, the uterus, as well as the volume and radicality of cancer operations. The article shows that if the parasympathetic ganglia are damaged, there is a violation of the evacuation function of the bladder and a weakening or absence of the urge to urinate. If the sympathetic nervous system is damaged in isolation, on the contrary, an increase in the detrusor tone, intravesical pressure and a decrease in the capacity of the bladder is observed, which is in conditions of low bladder sphincter tone causes imperative urges, frequent urination and incontinence. Prior radiation therapy also affects the development of urological complications. Postradiated soft tissue changes, ischemia, fibrosis lead to great technical difficulties during surgery. In addition, factors that are important in the development of pelvic disorders in this category of patients include urinary system diseases and metabolic – endocrine disorders in case history.