Background: Adolescents and young adults face unique and complex physical, psychological, and family challenges. Despite improvements in care for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), long-term mortality for children, adolescents, and young adults with CKD remains substantially higher than their healthy counterparts. Summary: In this article, we discuss the complex challenges that adolescent and young adult CKD/ESKD patients face. Adolescents have different CKD etiologies and progress along a course dissimilar to the adult population, but have similar multifarious comorbidities. In the setting of puberty and learning to become self-sufficient, adolescence is a critical time for growth and psychosocial development. Physiological complications of CKD underlie many of the long-term outcomes. CKD-mineral and bone disorder and anemia are particularly challenging given that they are exacerbated by the rapid growth of adolescents. Endocrine imbalances and malnutrition can delay and limit growth. All of these factors, together with family dynamics and socioeconomic status, contribute to the poor long-term outcomes and decreased quality of life (QoL) for these patients and their families. Key Messages: Care for the adolescent CKD/ESKD population is uniquely challenging, but research has identified ways in which we can continue to improve long-term outcomes and QoL for adolescents with CKD/ESKD.
Long-term functional and psychosocial outcome in adolescents and young adults treated for lower urinary tract dysfunction in childhood Long-term outcomes of childhood urinary symptoms