scholarly journals Paris Agreement: Respon Terhadap Pendekatan Prinsip Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities Dalam Kyoto Protocol

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Arie Afriansyah ◽  
Amira Bilqis
Keyword(s):  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Common But Differentiated Responsibilities

Kemampuan dalam menangani permasalahan lingkungan antara negara maju dan berkembang kerap berdampak obligasi yang diatur dalam perjanjian internasional. Prinsip Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC) sebagai prinsip yang memimpin dalam hukum lingkungan internasional merupakan jembatan untuk menyeimbangkan kepentingan dua kelompok negara tersebut. Namun, dalam instrumen hukum internasional terdapat implementasi yang berbeda dari prinsip tersebut dengan masing-masing pendekatan yang digunakan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisa bagaimana implementasi prinsip CBDR-RC dalam Paris Agreement dibandingkan dengan pendahulunya yaitu Kyoto Protocol. Metode penelitian dalam tulisan ini adalah yuridis normatif yang disajikan secara deskriptif analitis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan yang digunakan dalam Kyoto Protocol sebagai perjanjian yang menetapkan secara kaku besaran emisi yang harus direduksi diidentifikasi sebagai Top-Down. Sedangkan perjanjian penerusnya yaitu Paris Agreement sebagai perjanjian yang didasarkan atas dasar sukarela terhadap besaran emisi yang perlu dicapai diidentifikasi menggunakan pendekatan sebagai Bottom-Up. Pendekatan yang digunakan dari Paris Agreement berbeda sebagai respon dan bentuk evaluasi dari pendekatan yang digunakan dalam Kyoto Protocol yang berakibat tingkat partisipasi dalam usaha reduksi emisi meningkat secara drastis dan mendorong negara Annex I menargetkan reduksi yang lebih tinggi lagi. Terlepas dari kenyataan bahwa Paris Agreement telah menyelesaikan masalah dalam mekanisme Kyoto Protocol, perjanjian ini masih memiliki beberapa kekurangan. Kesimpulannya, transformasi pendekatan yang terjadi dalam kedua perjanjian ini mempengaruhi tren komitmen reduksi emisi dalam rezim perubahan iklim bagi negara maju maupun berkembang.

scholarly journals The Paris Agreement: Historic Breakthrough or High Stakes Experiment?

Climate Law ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meinhard Doelle
Keyword(s):  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Climate Regime ◽  
Top Down ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Flexible Approach ◽  
Climate Negotiations ◽  
Loss And Damage ◽  
Self Differentiation

This article offers an overview of the two key outcomes of the 2015 Paris climate negotiations, the Paris cop decision, and the Paris Agreement. Collectively, they chart a new course for the un climate regime that started in earnest in Copenhagen in 2009. The Paris Agreement represents a path away from the top-down approach and rigid differentiation among parties reflected in the Kyoto Protocol, toward a bottom-up and flexible approach focused on collective long-term goals and principles. It represents an approach to reaching these long-term goals that is focused on self-differentiation, support, transparency, and review. The article highlights the key elements of the agreement reached in Paris, including its approach to mitigation, adaptation, loss and damage, finance, transparency, and compliance.

scholarly journals The Evolution of the UNFCCC

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 343-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Kuyper ◽  
Heike Schroeder ◽  
Björn-Ola Linnér
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Industrial Country ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Voluntary Contributions ◽  
Top Down ◽  
United Nations Framework Convention ◽  
Climate Action

This article takes stock of the evolution of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) through the prism of three recent shifts: the move away from targeting industrial country emissions in a legally binding manner under the Kyoto Protocol to mandating voluntary contributions from all countries under the Paris Agreement; the shift from the top-down Kyoto architecture to the hybrid Paris outcome; and the broadening out from a mitigation focus under Kyoto to a triple goal comprising mitigation, adaptation, and finance under Paris. This review discusses the implications of these processes for the effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of the UNFCCC's institutional and operational settings for meeting the convention's objectives. It ends by sketching three potential scenarios facing the UNFCCC as it seeks to coordinate the Paris Agreement and its relationship to the wider landscape of global climate action.

scholarly journals Reshaping the Global Climate Change Regime through the Paris Agreement

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Theodore Okonkwo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Climate Regime ◽  
Common But Differentiated Responsibilities ◽  
Copenhagen Accord ◽  
International Diplomacy ◽  
Cursory Examination ◽  
Combat Climate Change

The Paris Agreement on Climate Change which aimed at halting climate change and limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, remains the most important piece of international diplomacy in years, since the Kyoto Protocol of 1992 and the Copenhagen Accord (which endorsed the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol) 2009. The signing of the Paris Agreement underlies the fact that climate change remains one of the greatest challenges of our time and calls for a strong political will to urgently combat climate change in accordance with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. This article looks at Paris Agreement’s resolve to peak global greenhouse-gas emissions as soon as possible and also undertakes a cursory examination of the global climate regime. The article also examines how the problem of climate change has altered since the 2009 Copenhagen Accord and concludes by emphasizing the need to take the Paris Agreement forward in spirit.

scholarly journals De Copenhagen a Paris: a evolução do BASIC no complexo de Regime de Mudanças Climáticas

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 384-405
Author(s):  
Mariana Balau Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Political Bargaining ◽  
Regime Complex ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Important Landmark ◽  
International Climate

O fracasso do Protocolo de Kyoto em desenvolver uma estrutura de governança climática eficaz e inclusiva provocou um movimento de multiplicação de agrupamentos no âmbito do Regime Internacional de Mudanças Climáticas (RIMC), como o BASIC. A mudança e gradual fragmentação do regime evidencia o seu caráter não-hierárquico e não-integrado – podendo ser denominado, portanto, um “complexo de regime”. A iminência de reforma na estrutura institucional, com a COP 21 como marco importante, porém, representa a transição de uma estratégia top-down anterior para uma abordagem bottom-up cujo foco reside na contribuição nacional dos países. O principal argumento do presente artigo, a partir de uma análise comparativa longitudinal das COPs, é de que esse movimento indicaria uma fragmentação gradual do BASIC enquanto coalizão de negociação política, ao mesmo tempo em que sugere novos rumos para o regime.       Abstract: The failure of the Kyoto Protocol in developing an effective and inclusive climate governance structure caused the multiplication of groups, such as the BASIC countries, under the International Climate Change Regime (UNFCCC).  Its gradual fragmentation shows the non-hierarchical character of this “regime complex”. The imminent reform of the institutional framework, with COP 21 as an important landmark, however, represents the transition from a previous top-down strategy to a bottom-up approach where the focus lies in national contributions rather than a broader accord. The main argument of this article, based on a longitudinal comparative analysis of the COPs, is that this movement would indicate a gradual fragmentation of BASIC as a political bargaining coalition, while suggesting new directions for the UNFCCC. Key-words: BASIC, Climate Change, Paris Agreement.     Recebido em: março/2019. Aprovado em: agosto/2019.

scholarly journals Implikasi Hukum Paris Agreement Melalui Program REDD+ Berbasis Blue Carbon Di Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Elda Sofia
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Emissions Reductions ◽  
Common But Differentiated Responsibilities ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
The Government ◽  
Gas Targets

To replace the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC post-2020 the Participating Countries of UNFCCC made a new commitment namely Paris Agreement to the UNFCCC. Indonesia has ratified the Paris Agreement to become its national law. In Paris Agreement to the UNFCCC, all Countries should reduce greenhouse gas/GHG emissions following the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. GHG emissions reductions obligations are set out in a nationally determined contribution/NDC. Within the NDC, Indonesia achieves emission reduction greenhouse gas targets up to 29% on its own and up 41% with international assistance. GHG emissions reductions through the forestry sectors are key sectors in NDC Indonesia at 17.2%. Using the method of normative research through an approach to legislation. After ratified of Paris Agreement to the UNFCCC brings legal implications for Indonesia namely the establishment of the laws on REDD+ in the forestry sector. Efforts made by the government of Indonesia is the establishment of the laws on REDD+. It has found the legal problem which can be a factor inhibiting the achievement of NDC target consisting of law enforcement, legal certainty of forest area. It is suggested that the Government of Indonesia makes regulation on mangrove forest. Untuk menggantikan Kyoto Protocol pasca 2020 Negara Peserta UNFCCC membuat komitmen baru yaitu Paris Agreement to the UNFCCC. Indonesia telah meratifikasi Paris Agreement menjadi hukum nasional. Di dalam Paris Agreement to the UNFCCC, semua negara diberikan kewajiban untuk mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca sesuai dengan prinsip common but differentiated responsibilities. Kewajiban pengurangan emisi gas rumah kaca ditetapkan dalam nationally determined contribution/NDC. Di dalam NDC, Indonesia mempunyai target untuk mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca sebesar 29% dengan usaha sendiri dan sampai dengan 41% dengan bantuan internasional. Pengurangan emisi gas rumah kaca melalui sektor kehutanan adalah sektor utama dalam NDC Indonesia yaitu sebesar 17.2%. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif yaitu melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan. Pasca diratifikasinya Paris Agreement to the UNFCCC membawa implikasi hukum bagi Indonesia yaitu dibentuknya sejumlah peraturan-peraturan terkait REDD+ di sektor kehutanan. Upaya-upaya yang dilakukan pemerintah Indonesia untuk mengimplementasikan Paris Agreement to the UNFCCC sektor kehutanan adalah membentuk sejumlah peraturan-peraturan hukum terkait REDD+. Persoalan-persoalan hukum yang ditemui menjadi faktor penghambat tercapainya target NDC Indonesia yaitu penegakan hukum, kepastian hukum kawasan hutan. Disarankan agar dibentuknya regulasi tentang perlindungan terhadap hutan mangrove.

scholarly journals Climate Contributions and the Paris Agreement: Fairness and Equity in a Bottom-Up Architecture

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Chan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Budget ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Voluntary Contributions ◽  
Climate Regime ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Address Climate Change ◽  
International Climate ◽  
Fair Distribution

One of the chief aspects of last December's landmark Paris Agreement on climate change was the acceptance of the notion that all states would make a “contribution” to the global effort to address climate change. These voluntary, nationally determined, non-binding pledges are the most visible feature of the reorientation of the international climate regime away from its previous emphasis on “top-down” international coordination, and toward a “bottom-up” architecture that provides greater national flexibility in order to induce broader participation. At the same time, however, the agreement to keep the rise in average global temperatures to below 2 degrees Celsius indicates that there is a limit to the quantity of carbon that can be emitted to meet this temperature goal, raising the challenge of how to apportion this carbon “budget” among states. Can a fair distribution of the carbon budget be achieved amid voluntary contributions? This paper first discusses the tension between the top-down distribution that a carbon budget approach generally implies, and the bottom-up institutional elements of the new climate architecture. Second, it reviews the alternative ways in which considerations of fairness have been integrated into the design of the Paris Agreement, and the rise of “national circumstances” as the context for fairness. Finally, this paper points to the increased role for normative argumentation in this bottom-up world, where new norms embedded in the Paris Agreement, especially relating to increases in national ambition, take on greater importance in efforts to achieve an equitable response to climate change.

Psychology and Culture: Top Down Versus Bottom Up?

PsycCRITIQUES ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Cole
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up
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