scholarly journals Piloerection is not a reliable physiological correlate of awe.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathon McPhetres ◽  
Andrew Shtulman
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Physiological Correlate

In scientific and popular literature, piloerection (e.g. goosebumps) is often described as being related to the experience of awe, though this correlation has not been tested empirically. Using two pre-registered and independently collected samples (N = 233), we examined the objective physiological occurrence of piloerection in response to awe-inducing stimuli. Stimuli were selected to satisfy three descriptors of awe, including perceptual vastness, virtual reality, and expectancy-violating events. The stimuli reliably elicited self-reported awe to a great extent, in line with hypotheses. However, awe-inducing stimuli were not associated with the objective occurrence of piloerection. While participants self-reported high levels of goosebumps and “the chills,” there was no physical evidence of this. These results suggest that piloerection is not reliably connected to the experience of awe—at least using stimuli known to elicit awe in an experimental setting.

Galvanic Skin Response As a Measure of Engagement During Play in Virtual Reality

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roni Barak Ventura ◽  
Maurizio Porfiri
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Galvanic Skin Response ◽  
User Engagement ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Skin Response ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Under Performing ◽  
Physiological Correlate

Abstract Competition is a common design strategy used to enhance user engagement and participation. However, it remains unclear how winning or losing might influence player’s engagement. In a recent study, we used behavioral metrics to quantify player engagement during competitive gameplay in virtual reality. To control for players’ status of winning or losing, we programmed a virtual opponent to either under-perform, over-perform, or tie with them. We conducted a series of experiments and found that players’ engagement was higher when they were losing, compared to when they played alone. Nevertheless, players’ engagement did not change during competition with an under-performing or equally-performing opponent. By applying the information-theoretic notion of transfer entropy, we unveiled a causal relationships between relative performance and engagement, whereby players monitored the scores and adapted their behavior accordingly. However, behavioral metrics are not detached from volition and may be influenced by confounding factors. This limitation is addressed by the use of physiological metrics, which offer largely unbiased measurements of cognitive and emotional processes. In the present study, we sought to strengthen our prior findings by measuring engagement with a physiological correlate. We conducted experiments in the same experimental setting and we measured players’ galvanic skin response during competition. We discovered that players’ skin conductance was higher when they were outperformed by their opponent, indicating that they were experiencing less flow. The results inform the design of technology-mediated applications toward sustaining user engagement and participation.

scholarly journals Causal Perception in Virtual Reality and its Implications for Presence Factors

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 623-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Cavazza ◽  
Jean-Luc Lugrin ◽  
Marc Buehner
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
User Interaction ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Causal Perception ◽  
High Level

Causality is an important aspect of how we construct reality. Yet, while many psychological phenomena have been studied in their relation to virtual reality (VR), very little work has been dedicated specifically to causal perception, despite its potential relevance for user interaction and presence. In this paper, we describe the development of a virtual environment supporting experiments with causal perception. The system, inspired from psychological data, operates by intercepting events in the virtual world, so as to create artificial co-occurrences between events and their subsequent effects. After recognizing high-level events and formalizing them with a symbolic representation inspired from robotics planning, it modifies the events' effects using knowledge-based operators. The re-activation of the modified events creates co-occurrences inducing causal impressions in the user. We conducted experiments with fifty-three subjects who had to interact with virtual world objects and were presented with alternative consequences for their actions, generated by the system using various levels of plausibility. At the same time, these subjects had to answer ten items from the Presence Questionnaire corresponding mainly to control and realism factors: causal perception appears to have a positive impact on these items. The implications of this work are twofold: first, causal perception can provide an interesting experimental setting for some presence determinants, and second, the elicitation of causal impressions can become part of VR technologies to provide new forms of VR experiences.

scholarly journals Objective assessment of surgeon’s psychomotor skill using virtual reality module

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 1533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Nor Zawani Ahmmad ◽  
Eileen Su Lee Ming ◽  
Yeong Che Fai ◽  
Suneet Sood ◽  
Anil Gandhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Motion Path ◽  
Psychomotor Skill ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Assessment Strategy ◽  
End Point ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Economy Of Movement

<span>This study aims to identify measurable parameters that could be used as objective assessment parameters to evaluate surgical dexterity using computer-based assessment module. A virtual reality module was developed to measure dynamic and static hand movements in a bimanual experimental setting. The experiment was conducted with sixteen subjects divided into two groups: surgeons (N = 5) and non-surgeons (N = 11). Results showed that surgeons outperformed the non-surgeons in motion path accuracy, motion path precision, economy of movement, motion smoothness, end-point accuracy and end-point precision. The six objective parameters can complement existing assessment methods to better quantify a trainee’s performance. These parameters also could provide information of hand movements that cannot be measured with the human eye. An assessment strategy using appropriate parameters could help trainees learn on computer-based systems, identify their mistakes and improve their skill towards the competency, without relying too much on bench models and cadavers.</span>

Use of SEM, X-ray analysis and TEM to localize Fe3+ reduction in roots

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 392-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P. Wergin ◽  
P. F. Bell ◽  
Rufus L. Chaney
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Young Root ◽  
Insoluble Precipitate ◽  
Uptake And Transport ◽  
Scanning Electron

In dicotyledons, Fe3+ must be reduced to Fe2+ before uptake and transport of this essential macronutrient can occur. Ambler et al demonstrated that reduction along the root could be observed by the formation of a stain, Prussian blue (PB), Fe4 [Fe(CN)6]3 n H2O (where n = 14-16). This stain, which is an insoluble precipitate, forms at the reduction site when the nutrient solution contains Fe3+ and ferricyanide. In 1972, Chaney et al proposed a model which suggested that the Fe3+ reduction site occurred outside the cell membrane; however, no physical evidence to support the model was presented at that time. A more recent study using the PB stain indicates that rapid reduction of Fe3+ occurs in a region of the root containing young root hairs. Furthermore the most pronounced activity occurs in plants that are deficient in Fe. To more precisely localize the site of Fe3+ reduction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to examine the distribution of the PB precipitate that was induced to form in roots.

Top-Down Processing and Visual Reorientation Illusions in a Virtual Reality Environment

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred W. Mast ◽  
Charles M. Oman
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Line Length ◽  
Perceptual Cues ◽  
Virtual Reality Environment ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

The role of top-down processing on the horizontal-vertical line length illusion was examined by means of an ambiguous room with dual visual verticals. In one of the test conditions, the subjects were cued to one of the two verticals and were instructed to cognitively reassign the apparent vertical to the cued orientation. When they have mentally adjusted their perception, two lines in a plus sign configuration appeared and the subjects had to evaluate which line was longer. The results showed that the line length appeared longer when it was aligned with the direction of the vertical currently perceived by the subject. This study provides a demonstration that top-down processing influences lower level visual processing mechanisms. In another test condition, the subjects had all perceptual cues available and the influence was even stronger.

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Swiss Surgery ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 250-254
Author(s):  
Vogelbach ◽  
Bogdan ◽  
Rosenthal ◽  
Pfefferkorn ◽  
Triponez
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Neue Technik

Fragestellung: Die dieser Untersuchung zugrunde liegende Frage war, ob das angewandte Ausbildungskonzept geeignet war, um am Beispiel der Einführung der laparoskopischen Cholezystektomie eine neue Operationsmethode in einer universitären Ausbildungsklinik mit einer grossen Anzahl Chirurgen zu etablieren. Patienten und Methodik: Seit Einführung der ersten laparoskopischen Cholezystektomie wurden alle Cholezystektomien während zwei Jahren (Mai 1990 bis Mai 1992) prospektiv erfasst. Ein Ausbildungskonzept wurde gewählt, bei dem jeweils ein Operateur durch einen Tutor geschult wurde und so 15 konsekutive Eingriffe durchführte, um dann die Technik einem weiteren auszubildenden Chirurgen zu instruieren. Resultate: In zwei Jahren wurden 355 Patienten cholezystektomiert. 60% der Operationen wurden laparoskopisch durchgeführt oder begonnen. 40% der Operationen wurden offen durchgeführt. In den ersten zwei Jahren konnten 13 Operateure (durchschnittlich 16 Operationen / Operateur , range 1 - 60) in die neue Technik eingeführt werden. Es traten keine schweren Komplikationen, insbesondere keine Gallenwegsverletzungen in dieser Einführungsphase auf. Diskussion: In der Literatur wird dieses Vorgehen bei der Einführungsphase seit 1992 wiederholt vorgestellt, diskutiert und empfohlen. Zwischenzeitlich gibt es Richtlinien von Fachgesellschaften und nationalen Institutionen, welche die Ausbildung zur Ausführung neuer chirurgischer Techniken reglementieren. In den letzten Jahren verlagern sich die ersten Ausbildungsschritte in Richtung Trainingskurse an skill-stations und virtual reality Trainer. Schlussfolgerung: Das beschriebene Ausbildungskonzept bewährte sich in der Einführungsphase der laparoskopischen Cholezystektomie zu Beginn der 90er-Jahre.

Virtual reality-enabled treatment of nightmares.

Dreaming ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick McNamara ◽  
Kendra Holt Moore ◽  
Yiannis Papelis ◽  
Saikou Diallo ◽  
Wesley J. Wildman
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality
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