Effects of social value orientation (SVO) and decision mode on controlled information acquisition—A Mouselab perspective

Insights into the processes underlying observed decisions are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of behavior. We investigate how individual social value orientation (SVO) relates to controlled information acquisition and how this relationship may be governed by intuitive versus reflective decision modes. We measure controlled information acquisition with the process tracing tool Mouselab and demonstrate its potential for advancing research on social decision-making. In two experiments, participants worked on two consecutive SVO tasks, in which they allocated points between themselves and others. Information regarding the available distributions of points had to be actively acquired by moving the mouse cursor over corresponding boxes on the screen. We observed a stable relationship between SVO and controlled information acquisition in both experiments: less selfish participants acquired more information and made more other-oriented acquisitions, and this relationship showed up in both an intuitive and a reflective decision mode. However, participants in a reflective decision mode acquired more information, their acquisitions were more strongly other-oriented, and their decisions were more prosocial compared to participants in an intuitive mode. Taken together, our results advance research on SVO by showing that non-selfish individuals invest considerable time and effort to gauge the consequences of their decisions for others, which might underlie the pervasive effects of SVO on many socially relevant behaviors. Moreover, we demonstrate how intuitive versus reflective decision modes can alter controlled information acquisition. Finally, our results illustrate that Mouselab is a simple-to-use and versatile tool for tracing cognitive processes underlying social psychological phenomena.

Cognitive and emotional aspects of patients with multiple sclerosis during illness and hospitalization process: Contributions of cognitive-behavioral therapy / Aspectos cognitivos e emocionais dos pacientes com esclerose múltipla durante a doença e o processo de hospitalização: Contribuições da terapia cognitivo-comportamental

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease, characterized by lesions in the Central Nervous System (CNS) that affects its healthy cells, causing motor and neurological sequelae. This work aims to understand the psychological and emotional aspects of patients inserted into a hospital and diagnosed with MS. Thus, a narrative review of the literature was carried out, investigating the main topics related to the theme, and illustrated through the case report of three patients treated with brief cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, in a tertiary healthcare center in 2021. The literature indicates that, commonly, 30 to 50% of individuals with the disease present significant cognitive impairment symptoms, such as dysarthria, executive dysfunction, and reduced processing speed, in addition to greater depressive symptoms and dysfunctional beliefs. The most common psychological phenomena in the cases referred to were maladaptive cognitive distortions, such as catastrophizing and negative filtering, as well as saddened affection and psychomotor retardation. Considering the common semiology presented by them, and also taking into consideration the characteristics of the family and the social and environmental context in which they are placed, it is evident that there is an influence of these factors on their belief systems and thoughts, as already predisposed characteristics or originated by the progression of the disease. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) techniques, such as motivational interviewing and psychoeducation, are shown to be effective for the treatment of dysfunctional comorbidities associated with the disease.

ON THE STRUCTURE OF PERSONAL MATURITY OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

The article sets out a problem aimed at determining the structure of personal maturity in the period of early adulthood. The theoretical study revealed a lack of unanimity in terms of interpreting and conceptualizing the concept of personal maturity and defining its structural and content elements. The empirical study involved humanitarian students from the first to the third courses (females (103) and males (22) aged 17-20 years). As a result of the exploratory factor analysis procedures, an integrative variable of personal maturity has been calculated which is considered as a set of cognitive (self-understanding, positive thinking), emotional (self-sympathy) and behavioral characteristics (autonomy, sociability). The personality of a mature subject in the period of early adulthood can be described as distinguished by an optimistic view of the world and a deep understanding of his or her identity combined with positive emotions and self-attitude and the ability to maintain personal boundaries even creating close relationships with others. The considered algorithm for calculating the integral variable can be applied in studies aimed at studying latent psychological phenomena.

The Application of Psychology in Literary Creation

Creation of literary is derived from people's thinking activities, which is an art that reflects the inner world of writers with language as the carrier. Psychology is a science that studies the occurrence, development and activity rules of psychological phenomena, as well as a broad subject. With the development of the times and the research of many scholars, the relationship between psychology and literature is more and more obvious, showing the characteristics of mutual interpretation and interdependence. Through the purification theory and psychoanalysis theory in psychology, the author further expounds the importance of psychology in literary research and the application of psychology in modern literary creation.

Socio-Psychological Mechanisms of Entrepreneurial Activity in the Youth Environment

Entrepreneurship in Russia and the Chuvash Republic is undergoing new phases of development, a new generation of entrepreneurs has appeared, the one that formed under contemporary socio-economic conditions. The article examines the results of the undertaken empiric research on psychological peculiarities of young entrepreneurs, socio-psychological mechanisms of entrepreneurial activity in modern environment, economic and psychological as well as socio-psychological phenomena in modern entrepreneurship. Features of value sphere, subjective economic wealth, professional types of personality, socio-psychological setup of young entrepreneurs, engaging in entrepreneurial activity in the Chuvash Republic and Russia.

More than the sum of its parts: Merging network psychometrics and network neuroscience with application in autism

Network approaches that investigate the interaction between symptoms or behaviours have opened new ways of understanding psychological phenomena in health and disorder. In parallel, network approaches that characterise the interaction between brain regions have become the dominant approach in neuroimaging research. Combining these parallel approaches would enable new insights into the interaction between behaviours and their brain-level correlates. In this paper, we introduce a methodology for combining network psychometrics and network neuroscience. This approach utilises the information from the psychometric network to obtain neural correlates for each node in the psychometric network (network-based regression). We illustrate the approach by highlighting the interaction between autistic traits and their resting-state functional associations. To this end, we utilise data from 172 male autistic participants (10–21 years) from the autism brain data exchange (ABIDE, ABIDE-II). Our results indicate that the network-based regression approach can uncover both unique and shared neural correlates of behavioural measures. In addition, the methodology enables us to isolate mechanisms at the brain-level that are unique to particular behavioural variables. For instance, our example analysis indicates that the overlap between communication and social difficulties is not reflected in the overlap between their functional correlates.

The Plight in Foreign Language Learning in Tunisian Context: Classroom Language Assessment v.s Foreign Language Learning Anxiety

The assessment of language proficiency from a psycholinguistics perspective has been a subject of considerable interest. Many literatures are devoted for the explanation of certain psychological phenomena related to first language acquisition and foreign language learning like language disorders/impairments, critical/sensitive period and language anxiety. This paper sheds the light on foreign language anxiety, which is in my conviction the hardest problem that concerns the foreign language learner as well as the teacher. The origin of this conviction is that foreign language anxiety hampers learner performance on one hand, and on the other hand effects, negatively, the classroom language assessment which in turn sharpens learner’s anxiety more and more. There is a significant negative correlation between foreign language anxiety and classroom language assessment. Three issues are to be tackled in this paper: (i) The implication of ‘anxiety’ as a psychological issue in foreign language learning, (ii) classroom language assessment in Tunisian schools and (iii) the relation between foreign language anxiety and classroom language assessment.

Measuring happiness under interpersonal comparison: An advanced theoretical framework and implications

The origin of happiness arouses people’s curiosity for a long time. Recent research introduces a utility theory for measuring subjective happiness in a social context. The past recent monetary conditions influence the present subjective happiness through two distinct channels: interpersonal comparison and self-adaptation. In this paper, we develop this theory to analyze behavioral patterns. Together with prospect theory’s gain-loss utility function, we exploit the theory in predicting psychological phenomena of craving. We explore the relationships between happiness and earnings. Under certain conditions, a high payoff disappoints you immediately and even leads to continuous disappointment across periods. We extend the explanations of the scenarios of New York cabdrivers’ labor-supply decisions. The effect of social comparisons may trigger workers’ behaviors of quit-working, which deepen related understandings of the literature.

Suspicious Minds: The Link Between Stress and Perceptions of Agency

<p>How do we perceive other minds? Research shows that people intuitively think about other minds in terms of two dimensions: agency (the capacity to think and act) and experience (the capacity to sense and feel). Perceiving a mind in another entity can alter how people interact it because mind perception implies moral status. There is evidence that stress alters the treatment of others, including contributing to dehumanization (the failure to perceive a humanlike mind in another person), but the effect of stress on mind perception is unknown. Based on previous research about the effects of stress on psychological phenomena related to the dimensions of agency and experience, I hypothesized that stress increases perceptions of agency and reduces perceptions of experience. To test these hypotheses, I conducted four studies combining two different measures of mind perception and two different methodological approaches. The results were inconsistent from one study to the next, but a tentative pattern emerged when taking all studies together. Participants who reported high levels of pre-existing stress tended to perceive more agency across a range of different entities, while inducing stress in the laboratory caused participants to attribute agency more readily to inanimate human faces. These results were weak and inconsistent, but they suggest that stress might increase perceptions of agency. The results for experience were inconclusive. I discuss some possible implications of my findings for mind perception and morality.</p>

Suspicious Minds: The Link Between Stress and Perceptions of Agency

<p>How do we perceive other minds? Research shows that people intuitively think about other minds in terms of two dimensions: agency (the capacity to think and act) and experience (the capacity to sense and feel). Perceiving a mind in another entity can alter how people interact it because mind perception implies moral status. There is evidence that stress alters the treatment of others, including contributing to dehumanization (the failure to perceive a humanlike mind in another person), but the effect of stress on mind perception is unknown. Based on previous research about the effects of stress on psychological phenomena related to the dimensions of agency and experience, I hypothesized that stress increases perceptions of agency and reduces perceptions of experience. To test these hypotheses, I conducted four studies combining two different measures of mind perception and two different methodological approaches. The results were inconsistent from one study to the next, but a tentative pattern emerged when taking all studies together. Participants who reported high levels of pre-existing stress tended to perceive more agency across a range of different entities, while inducing stress in the laboratory caused participants to attribute agency more readily to inanimate human faces. These results were weak and inconsistent, but they suggest that stress might increase perceptions of agency. The results for experience were inconclusive. I discuss some possible implications of my findings for mind perception and morality.</p>