scholarly journals Number attraction in verb and anaphor production: narrowing a production–comprehension contrast

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Kandel ◽  
Colin Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Error Distributions ◽  
Scene Description ◽  
Production Research ◽  
Timing Effects ◽  
Attraction Effects ◽  
Description Task ◽  
Variable Susceptibility

Although reflexive–antecedent agreement shows little susceptibility to number attraction in comprehension, prior production research using the preamble-completion paradigm has demonstrated attraction for both verbs and anaphora. In four production experiments, we compared number attraction effects on subject–verb and reflexive–antecedent agreement using a novel scene-description task in addition to a more traditional preamble elicitation paradigm. While the results from the preamble task align with prior findings, the more naturalistic scene description task produced the same contrast observed in comprehension, with robust verb attraction but minimal anaphor attraction. In addition to analyzing agreement error distributions, we also analyzed the production time-course of participant responses, finding timing effects that pattern with error distributions, even when no error is present. The results suggest that production agreement processes show similar profiles to comprehension processes. We discuss potential sources of variable susceptibility to agreement attraction, suggesting that differences may arise from the time-course of information processing across tasks and linguistic dependencies.

scholarly journals Attraction error and speech timing profiles in in-lab and web-based production experiments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Kandel ◽  
Cassidy Wyatt ◽  
Colin Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Error Rates ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Verb Agreement ◽  
Speech Timing ◽  
Future Production ◽  
Production Research ◽  
Timing Effects ◽  
Attraction Effects ◽  
High Level

Until recently, most web-based psycholinguistic experiments have focused on simple responses such as button presses or typed text. In this paper, we compare two sentence production experiments carried out in the lab and in an unsupervised web-based setting in order to test the robustness of error patterns and speech timing effects in web-based experimental settings. The open-ended spoken responses generated in this task could elicit more variable and noisier recordings when conducted outside a controlled lab environment. The experiments investigate patterns of well-documented attraction effects in the production of subject–verb agreement, examining error rates as well as speech timing effects in correctly produced sentences. In both the error and timing analyses, the results are strikingly similar across the experimental settings. Furthermore, the two experiments challenge common assumptions about a strong plural markedness effect in agreement attraction. Through this replication and comparison, we have found that we can do production experiments via the internet with a high level of similarity to those done in the lab. These results will allow for future production research to be conducted online, which will provide more flexibility and efficiency to this type of experimentation.

Calcium Dynamics and Compartmentalization in Leech Neurons

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 4430-4440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofija Andjelic ◽  
Vincent Torre
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Action Potential ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Calcium Dynamics ◽  
Single Action ◽  
Single Action Potential ◽  
Calcium Indicator ◽  
Mechanosensory Neurons

Calcium dynamics in leech neurons were studied using a fast CCD camera. Fluorescence changes (Δ F/ F) of the membrane impermeable calcium indicator Oregon Green were measured. The dye was pressure injected into the soma of neurons under investigation. Δ F/ F caused by a single action potential (AP) in mechanosensory neurons had approximately the same amplitude and time course in the soma and in distal processes. By contrast, in other neurons such as the Anterior Pagoda neuron, the Annulus Erector motoneuron, the L motoneuron, and other motoneurons, APs evoked by passing depolarizing current in the soma produced much larger fluorescence changes in distal processes than in the soma. When APs were evoked by stimulating one distal axon through the root, Δ F/ F was large in all distal processes but very small in the soma. Our results show a clear compartmentalization of calcium dynamics in most leech neurons in which the soma does not give propagating action potentials. In such cells, the soma, while not excitable, can affect information processing by modulating the sites of origin and conduction of AP propagation in distal excitable processes.

Reduced information processing speed as primum movens for cognitive decline in MS

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen Van Schependom ◽  
Marie B D’hooghe ◽  
Krista Cleynhens ◽  
Mieke D’hooge ◽  
Marie-Claire Haelewyck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Survival Curves ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Cognitive impairment affects half of the multiple sclerosis (MS) patient population and is an important contributor to patients’ daily activities. Most cognitive impairment studies in MS are, however, cross-sectional or/and focused on the early disease stages. Objective: We aim to assess the time course of decline of different cognitive domains. Methods: We collected neuropsychological data on 514 MS patients to construct Kaplan-Meier survival curves of the tests included in the Neuropsychological Screening Battery for MS (NSBMS) and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). Cox-proportional hazard models were constructed to examine the influence of MS onset type, age at onset, gender, depression and level of education on the time course, expressed as age or disease. Results: Survival curves of tests focusing on information processing speed (IPS) declined significantly faster than tests with less specific demands of IPS. Median age for pathological decline was 56.2 years (95% CI: 54.4–58.2) on the SDMT and 63.9 years (95% CI: 60–66.9) on the CLTR, a memory task. Conclusion: In conclusion, IPS is the cognitive domain not only most widely affected by MS but it is also the first cognitive deficit to emerge in MS.

scholarly journals Asymmetric interference between cognitive task components and concurrent sensorimotor coordination

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 330-342
Author(s):  
Joshua Baker ◽  
Antonio Castro ◽  
Andrew K. Dunn ◽  
Suvobrata Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
State Monitoring ◽  
Sensorimotor Coordination ◽  
Dual Tasking ◽  
Task Conditions

Everyday cognitive tasks are frequently performed under dual-task conditions alongside continuous sensorimotor coordinations (CSCs) such as driving, walking, or balancing. Observed interference in these dual-task settings is commonly attributed to demands on executive function or attentional resources, but the time course and reciprocity of interference are not well understood at the level of information-processing components. Here we used electrophysiology to study the detailed chronometry of dual-task interference between a visual oddball task and a continuous visuomanual tracking task. The oddball task’s electrophysiological components were linked to underlying cognitive processes, and the tracking task served as a proxy for the continuous cycle of state monitoring and adjustment inherent to CSCs. Dual-tasking interfered with the oddball task’s accuracy and attentional processes (attenuated P2 and P3b magnitude and parietal alpha-band event-related desynchronization), but errors in tracking due to dual-tasking accrued at a later timescale and only in trials in which the target stimulus appeared and its tally had to be incremented. Interference between cognitive tasks and CSCs can be asymmetric in terms of timing as well as affected information-processing components. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Interference between cognitive tasks and continuous sensorimotor coordination (CSC) has been widely reported, but this is the first demonstration that the cognitive operation that is impaired by concurrent CSC may not be the one that impairs the CSC. Also demonstrated is that interference between such tasks can be temporally asymmetric. The asynchronicity of this interference has significant implications for understanding and mitigating loss of mobility in old age, and for rehabilitation for neurological impairments.

scholarly journals Using optically-pumped magnetometers to measure magnetoencephalographic signals in the human cerebellum

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin-Hsuan Lin ◽  
Tim M Tierney ◽  
Niall Holmes ◽  
Elena Boto ◽  
James Leggett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Source Inversion ◽  
Optically Pumped ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Human Cerebellum ◽  
Stimulus Source ◽  
Processing Mechanisms ◽  
Proof Of Principle

AbstractWe test the feasibility of an optically pumped magnetometer-magnetoencephalographic (OP-MEG) system for the measurement of human cerebellar activity. This is to our knowledge the first study investigating the human cerebellar electrophysiology using OPMs. As a proof of principle, we use an air-puff stimulus to the eyeball in order to elicit cerebellar activity that is well characterised in non-human models. In three subjects, we observe an evoked component at approx. 50ms post-stimulus, followed by a second component at approx. 85-115 ms post-stimulus. Source inversion localises both components in the cerebellum, while control experiments exclude potential sources elsewhere. We also assess the induced oscillations, with time-frequency decompositions, and identify the source in the occipital lobe, a region expected to be active in our paradigm. We conclude that the OP-MEG technology offers a promising way to advance the understanding of the information processing mechanisms in the human cerebellum.

The role of semantic association and emotional contagion for the induction of emotion with music

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 579-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Fritz ◽  
Stefan Koelsch
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Prior Information ◽  
Emotional Contagion ◽  
Semantic Association

AbstractWe suggest that semantic association may be a further mechanism by which music may elicit emotion. Furthermore, we note that emotional contagion is not always an immediate process requiring little prior information processing; rather, emotional contagion contributing to music processing may constitute a more complex decoding mechanism for information inherent in the music, which may be subject to a time course of activation.

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