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2022 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-90
Author(s):  
Chaoqiang Deng ◽  
Patrick Cousot

Given a behavior of interest, automatically determining the corresponding responsible entity (i.e., the root cause) is a task of critical importance in program static analysis. In this article, a novel definition of responsibility based on the abstraction of trace semantics is proposed, which takes into account the cognizance of observer, which, to the best of our knowledge, is a new innovative idea in program analysis. Compared to current dependency and causality analysis methods, the responsibility analysis is demonstrated to be more precise on various examples. However, the concrete trace semantics used in defining responsibility is uncomputable in general, which makes the corresponding concrete responsibility analysis undecidable. To solve this problem, the article proposes a sound framework of abstract responsibility analysis, which allows a balance between cost and precision. Essentially, the abstract analysis builds a trace partitioning automaton by an iteration of over-approximating forward reachability analysis with trace partitioning and under/over-approximating backward impossible failure accessibility analysis, and determines the bounds of potentially responsible entities along paths in the automaton. Unlike the concrete responsibility analysis that identifies exactly a single action as the responsible entity along every concrete trace, the abstract analysis may lose some precision and find multiple actions potentially responsible along each automaton path. However, the soundness is preserved, and every responsible entity in the concrete is guaranteed to be also found responsible in the abstract.


2022 ◽  
Vol 183 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 67-96
Author(s):  
David de Frutos Escrig ◽  
Maciej Koutny ◽  
Łukasz Mikulski

In reversible computations one is interested in the development of mechanisms allowing to undo the effects of executed actions. The past research has been concerned mainly with reversing single actions. In this paper, we consider the problem of reversing the effect of the execution of groups of actions (steps). Using Petri nets as a system model, we introduce concepts related to this new scenario, generalising notions used in the single action case. We then present properties arising when reverse actions are allowed in place/transition nets (PT-nets). We obtain both positive and negative results, showing that allowing steps makes reversibility more problematic than in the interleaving/sequential case. In particular, we demonstrate that there is a crucial difference between reversing steps which are sets and those which are true multisets. Moreover, in contrast to sequential semantics, splitting reverses does not lead to a general method for reversing bounded PT-nets. We then show that a suitable solution can be obtained by combining split reverses with weighted read arcs.


2021 ◽  
pp. 019262332110679
Author(s):  
Yuval Ramot ◽  
Serge Rousselle ◽  
Michal Steiner ◽  
Yossi Lavie ◽  
Nati Ezov ◽  
...  

One of the challenging aspects of minimal invasive surgery (MIS) is intracorporal suturing, which can be significantly time-consuming. Therefore, there is a rising need for devices that can facilitate the suturing procedure in MIS. Su2ura Approximation Device (Su2ura Approximation) is a novel device developed to utilize the insertion of anchors threaded with stitches to allow a single action placement of a suture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term safety and tissue approximation of Su2ura Approximation in comparison to Endo Stitch + Surgidac sutures in female domestic pigs. All incision sites were successfully closed by both methods. Firm consolidation within and around the incision site was noted in several animals in both treatment groups, which corresponded histopathologically to islands of ectopic cartilage or bone spicules within the fibrotic scar. These changes reflect heterotopic ossification that is commonly seen in the healing of abdominal operation sites in pigs. No other abnormal findings were observed throughout the study period. In conclusion, the use of Su2ura Approximation under the present experimental conditions revealed no safety concerns.


2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Xinxin Zhang ◽  
Huiping Tang ◽  
Sitong Li ◽  
Yueqin Liu ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
...  

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) has been shown to play a critical role in brain development, learning, memory and neural processing in general. Cdk5 is widely distributed in many neuron types in the central nervous system, while its cell-specific role is largely unknown. Our previous study showed that Cdk5 inhibition restored ocular dominance (OD) plasticity in adulthood. In this study, we specifically knocked down Cdk5 in different types of neurons in the visual cortex and examined OD plasticity by optical imaging of intrinsic signals. Downregulation of Cdk5 in parvalbumin-expressing (PV) inhibitory neurons, but not other neurons, reactivated adult mouse visual cortical plasticity. Cdk5 knockdown in PV neurons reduced the evoked firing rate, which was accompanied by an increment in the threshold current for the generation of a single action potential (AP) and hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential. Moreover, chemogenetic activation of PV neurons in the visual cortex can attenuate the restoration of OD plasticity by Cdk5 inhibition. Taken together, our results suggest that Cdk5 in PV interneurons may play a role in modulating the excitation and inhibition balance to control the plasticity of the visual cortex.


eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ádám Magó ◽  
Noémi Kis ◽  
Balázs Lükő ◽  
Judit K Makara

Proper integration of different inputs targeting the dendritic tree of CA3 pyramidal cells (CA3PCs) is critical for associative learning and recall. Dendritic Ca2+ spikes have been proposed to perform associative computations in other PC types by detecting conjunctive activation of different afferent input pathways, initiating afterdepolarization (ADP), and triggering burst firing. Implementation of such operations fundamentally depends on the actual biophysical properties of dendritic Ca2+ spikes; yet little is known about these properties in dendrites of CA3PCs. Using dendritic patch-clamp recordings and two-photon Ca2+ imaging in acute slices from male rats, we report that, unlike CA1PCs, distal apical trunk dendrites of CA3PCs exhibit distinct forms of dendritic Ca2+ spikes. Besides ADP-type global Ca2+ spikes, a majority of dendrites expresses a novel, fast Ca2+ spike type that is initiated locally without bAPs, can recruit additional Na+ currents, and is compartmentalized to the activated dendritic subtree. Occurrence of the different Ca2+ spike types correlates with dendritic structure, indicating morpho-functional heterogeneity among CA3PCs. Importantly, ADPs and dendritically initiated spikes produce opposing somatic output: bursts versus strictly single-action potentials, respectively. The uncovered variability of dendritic Ca2+ spikes may underlie heterogeneous input-output transformation and bursting properties of CA3PCs, and might specifically contribute to key associative and non-associative computations performed by the CA3 network.


Author(s):  
Ilze Štrausa ◽  

Onomasticians tend to focus not only on toponyms and anthroponyms, but also on zoonyms. This article gives an insight into cat names and the motivation for their choice. At the end of 2020, the author of this article made a questionnaire about cat names, posted this questionnaire on the social network Facebook, and received an unexpectedly large number of responses from people ‒ 19,592 questionnaires were submitted. The main focus of the questionnaire was placed on the motivation to choose cat names, as the motivations for choosing the same name can be very different, even completely opposed. The social and economic study of zoonyms enables us to identify the most important factors in choosing cat names, avoiding as many hypothetical or even erroneous conclusions as possible. A significant part of the analysed material consists of felynonyms motivated by the appearance of the cat: coat colour (Cukurs) (white), Kurmis (black), Oreo (black and white), Grejs (grey), Mango (red)), appearance in general or individual details (eyes (Poga), ears (Betmens), whiskers (Ūšuks), paws (Pepija), any special feature (Ķēpa) or defects (Bočelli)). The situation how the cat enters the family also plays an important role; where the cat is found (Dīzelis, Barons); who brings or finds the cat (Pičus); who it is bought from (Dekāns). The choice of felynonyms is also determined by other factors, such as the cat's behaviour and temper (Tors, Skrāpīte); accident or single action (Neptūns, Džampers); matching names (Dolārs and Mārciņa, Ansis and Grieta); the name of another real animal (Cimdiņš, Dadzis); cat breed or its name (Kilimandžāro, Boriss); originality (Deficīts, Punkasens); owner's profession, position, occupation (Karmena, Pikselis); interests, hobbies (Akords, Eminems); travel (Forints, Turcis); unfulfilled dreams and longing (Haskijs, Lote) or even several factors at once (Zaļģis, Notārs). People naming cats have chosen words that already exist in the language as names for their pets and have made various occasional words, showing the unlimited horizons of human imagination (Mimeļmops, Irokejs). The collected material is the first such extensive summary of cat names. It can also serve as a source of inspiration for everyone to choose a name for their new pet.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Mertes ◽  
Marvin Busch ◽  
Magnus-Carsten Huppertz ◽  
Christina Nicole Hacker ◽  
Clara-Marie Guerth ◽  
...  

We introduce a family of bright, rhodamine-based calcium indicators with tuneable affinities and colors. The indicators can be specifically localized to different cellular compartments and are compatible with both fluorescence and bioluminescence readouts through conjugation to HaloTag fusion proteins. Importantly, their increase in fluorescence upon localization enables no-wash live-cell imaging, which greatly facilitates their use in biological assays. Applications as fluorescent indicators in rat hippocampal neurons include the detection of single action potentials and of calcium fluxes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Applications as bioluminescent indicators include the recording of the pharmacological modulation of nuclear calcium in high-throughput-compatible assays. The versatility and remarkable ease of use of these indicators make them powerful tools for bioimaging and bioassays.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Owen Skipper Vallis

<p>This thesis examines contemporary approaches to live computer music, and the impact they have on the evolution of the composer performer. How do online resources and communities impact the design and creation of new musical interfaces used for live computer music? Can we use machine learning to augment and extend the expressive potential of a single live musician? How can these tools be integrated into ensembles of computer musicians? Given these tools, can we understand the computer musician within the traditional context of acoustic instrumentalists, or do we require new concepts and taxonomies? Lastly, how do audiences perceive and understand these new technologies, and what does this mean for the connection between musician and audience?  The focus of the research presented in this dissertation examines the application of current computing technology towards furthering the field of live computer music. This field is diverse and rich, with individual live computer musicians developing custom instruments and unique modes of performance. This diversity leads to the development of new models of performance, and the evolution of established approaches to live instrumental music.  This research was conducted in several parts. The first section examines how online communities are iteratively developing interfaces for computer music. Several case studies are presented as examples of how online communities are helping to drive new developments in musical interface design.  This thesis also presents research into designing real-time interactive systems capable of creating a virtual model of an existing performer, that then allows the model’s output to be contextualized by a second performer’s live input. These systems allow for a solo live musician’s single action to be multiplied into many different, but contextually dependent, actions.  Additionally, this thesis looks at contemporary approaches to local networked ensembles, the concept of shared social instruments, and the ways in which the previously described research can be used in these ensembles.  The primary contributions of these efforts include (1) the development of several new open-source interfaces for live computer music, and the examination of the effect that online communities have on the evolution of musical interfaces; (2) the development of a novel approach to search based interactive musical agents; (3) examining how networked music ensembles can provided new forms of shared social instruments.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Owen Skipper Vallis

<p>This thesis examines contemporary approaches to live computer music, and the impact they have on the evolution of the composer performer. How do online resources and communities impact the design and creation of new musical interfaces used for live computer music? Can we use machine learning to augment and extend the expressive potential of a single live musician? How can these tools be integrated into ensembles of computer musicians? Given these tools, can we understand the computer musician within the traditional context of acoustic instrumentalists, or do we require new concepts and taxonomies? Lastly, how do audiences perceive and understand these new technologies, and what does this mean for the connection between musician and audience?  The focus of the research presented in this dissertation examines the application of current computing technology towards furthering the field of live computer music. This field is diverse and rich, with individual live computer musicians developing custom instruments and unique modes of performance. This diversity leads to the development of new models of performance, and the evolution of established approaches to live instrumental music.  This research was conducted in several parts. The first section examines how online communities are iteratively developing interfaces for computer music. Several case studies are presented as examples of how online communities are helping to drive new developments in musical interface design.  This thesis also presents research into designing real-time interactive systems capable of creating a virtual model of an existing performer, that then allows the model’s output to be contextualized by a second performer’s live input. These systems allow for a solo live musician’s single action to be multiplied into many different, but contextually dependent, actions.  Additionally, this thesis looks at contemporary approaches to local networked ensembles, the concept of shared social instruments, and the ways in which the previously described research can be used in these ensembles.  The primary contributions of these efforts include (1) the development of several new open-source interfaces for live computer music, and the examination of the effect that online communities have on the evolution of musical interfaces; (2) the development of a novel approach to search based interactive musical agents; (3) examining how networked music ensembles can provided new forms of shared social instruments.</p>


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