scholarly journals TOKOH-TOKOH (MATEMATIKAWAN), ALIRAN, DAN PENGARUHNYA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prima Mytra
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Blaise Pascal ◽  
Leonhard Euler ◽  
René Descartes

Adapun beberapa tokoh-tokoh (Matematikawan) dunia yang juga merupakan ahli filsuf yang diuraikan dalam makalah ini antara lain : Thales (Yunani, 624-646 SM), Phytagoras (582-493 SM), Aristoteles (Yunani, 384-322 SM), Plato (Athena, 427-347 SM), Socrates (427-347 SM), Leonhard Euler (1707-1783 M), Rene Descartes (France, 1.596-1.650 M), dan Blaise Pascal (Prancis, 1.623-1.662 M).Thales merupakan filosof pertama yang mengilhami tentang asal usul alam dan menganut aliran fisafat Monisme. Dia membangun sebuah pandangan filosofi penciptaan alam yang terbuat dari air. Pemikiran tersebut dijadikan Aristoteles sebagai dasar pemikirannya selanjutnya. Phytagoras menganut paham aliran Relativisme. Bagi “Pythagoras” manusia itu adalah ukuran bagi segalanya, baik yang ada karena adanya. Bagi yang tidak ada karena tidaknya. Dikenal sebagai "Bapak Bilangan", dia memberikan sumbangan yang penting terhadap filsafat dan ajaran keagamaan pada akhir abad ke-6 SM. Aristoteles menganut paham aliran Realisme. Aristoteles memiliki pemikiran bahwa materi tidak mungkin tanpa bentuk karena ia ada (eksis) dan pemikiran Aristoteles sangat berpengaruh pada pemikiran Barat dan pemikiran keagamaan lain pada umumnya.Plato dan Socrates menganut paham aliran Idealisme. Pemikiran Plato memisahkan kenyataan yang terlihat dalam alam lahir dengan jiwa yang abstrak (idea). Sementara pemikiran filsafat Socrates ditujukan untuk menentang ajaran relatifisme sophis. Ia ingin menegakkan sains dengan agama. Sekalipun Socrates telah tiada ajarannya tersebar justru dengan cepat karena kematiannya itu. Orang mulai mempercayai adanya kebenaran umum.Rene Descartes dan Blaise Pascal menganut paham aliran Rasionalisme. Descartes memisahkan fenomena ke dalam eksistensi dan esensi sementara. Sementara karya-karya Pascal yang telah disatukan oleh para muridnya dalam buku Pensees de Pascal (Pemikiran Pascal) menjadi satu kekayaan tersendiri bagi dunia hingga kini yaitu pemikiran tentang hati (Le Coeur) dan pertaruhan (Le Pari).

scholarly journals PAPPUS DE ALEXANDRIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (20) ◽  
pp. 08-17
Author(s):  
Lucicleia Chagas Magno ◽  
Miguel Chaquiam ◽  
Ruan Wenderson De Oliveira Sousa ◽  
Ruan Wenderson De Oliveira Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Blaise Pascal ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
René Descartes

Este trabalho tem como objetivo presentar vida e obra de Pappus de Alexandria, com destaque em seu teorema, e teve como base a seguinte questão de pesquisa: Qual a contribuição de Pappus de Alexandria à Matemática? Os caminhos foram percorridos tensdo como objetivo apresentar vida e obra de Pappus de Alexandria, com destaque em seu teorema. Neste sentido, a pesquisa, de cunho qualitativo, foi amparada em métodos bibliográficos, durante a qual foram revisados estudos de Chaquiam, (2017); Chaves (2013); Estrada, Sá et al (2000); Gillispie e Pereira (2007); Garnica e Souza (2012); Jones (s/d); Miguel e Miorim, (2002) e Roque (2012). Desse modo, com a execução dessa pesquisa foi possível observar que os trabalhos produzidos por Pappus de Alexandria, apresentam grandes contribuições à Matemática, em particular á Geometria, e também, a outras áreas de conhecimento, como na geografia, música, hidrostática, alquimia e na astronomia, além disso, sua principal obra, a Coletânea, e seu famoso teorema serviram como fonte de informação e inspiração para outros matemáticos, os quais contribuíram para a construção e aprimoramento de novos conhecimentos matemáticos, dentre eles, podemos citar René Descartes, Pierre de Fermat, Blaise Pascal, Isaac Newton e G. W Leibniz. Por conseguinte, percebeu-se que a História da Matemática é um ramo que estuda a evolução dos conteúdos matemáticos dentro do processo histórico-cultural, sendo um importante instrumento para o ensino de Matemática, principalmente, para a construção de conceitos, por isso torna-se essencial, também, o estudo e a utilização de biografias de personagens que contribuíram de alguma forma á Matemática, além de ser uma forma interessante de despertar o interesse dos estudantes pela Matemática e pela História da Matemática e, muito mais, fazer uso da história da matemática como recurso didático no processo de ensino e aprendizagem da matemática.

scholarly journals De digitale verdeners (vid)under

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (36) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Angela Ndalianis
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Blaise Pascal ◽  
Lord Of The Rings ◽  
Special Effects ◽  
René Descartes

I tidens blockbusterfilm spiller digitale special effects en stadig større rolle. Fra at have været et ‘usynligt’ redskab, der muliggjorde impone- rende stunts som bussen, der flyver over et hul i motorvejen i Speed, har digitale effekter erobret hovedrollen. Siden den morfende termi- nator i Terminator 2: Judgment Day og de realistiske dinosaurer i Jurassic Park har digitale elementer opnået en stjernestatus, der ofte overgår skuespillernes. Således er den digitale Gollum i Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers mere troværdig end de øvrige ‘fysiske’ stjer- ner. De amerikanske blockbusterfilm, der anvender en iøjnefaldende brug af digital æstetik, er ofte science fiction- og fantasy-film, der af den kritiske teori har været anset for “usundt slik for øjet.” Forfatteren viser, hvordan filmens digitale undere kan sættes i relation til Rene Descartes’ tanker om underet/det vidunderlige, der hensætter tilsku- eren i en æstetisk undren, der fører til en intellektuel trang til forståelse (som første gang stjernesystemet lod sig se i en kikkert). Samme und- ren bliver hos Blaise Pascal en ’afgrund’ (une abîme), der indgiver ære- frygt og fører os til det religiøse og mystiske, til overvejelser over natu- rens undere og Guds natur. Det digitale liv er ikke blot æstetik; det får sit eget, uforudsigelige liv - som de digitale figurer i The Two Towers der er programmeret til at slås, men foretrækker at flygte, og derfor må re- programmeres. Det digitale liv udfordrer os med intet mindre end over- vejelser over naturens orden, menneskets natur, teknologiens rolle, livet, døden og fremtiden.

Precursors to Kant

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-18
Author(s):  
David Baggett ◽  
Jerry L. Walls
Keyword(s):  
John Locke ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Blaise Pascal ◽  
Christian Tradition ◽  
Moral Argument ◽  
Thomas Reid ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Final Causes ◽  
Conception Of The Good

Although Kant is often thought of as the first significant moral apologist, hints and intimations of the moral argument can be found before him. Plato’s conception of the Good has been thought congenial to a theistic conception, and Aristotle’s robust teleological conception of reality and sturdy commitment to final causes resounded with much of the later Judeo-Christian tradition. Augustine and Aquinas, in particular, were committed religious believers and thinkers who forged clear connections between their theism and key moral ideas found among such Greek thinkers as Plato and Aristotle. The contemporary Frenchmen René Descartes and Blaise Pascal both saw the relevance of the afterlife to fundamental questions of the moral quest. John Locke and Thomas Reid were both drawn to an early version of the “coincidence thesis,” according to which well-being and virtue go together. In all of these ways the stage was set for Kant’s landmark work.

The Price of Truth: Reciprocity, Giving, and Generosity in the Philosophy of René Descartes

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 147-170
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Homo Oeconomicus ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Economic Thinking ◽  
Selfish Interest

The article provides a comparison of the concept of homo œconomicus with the core theses of René Descartes’ moral philosophy. The first section draws on the work of the contemporary Western philosopher Anselm Jappe in which Descartes’ philosophy is held to be the cornerstone of the established view and current scientific definitions of homo œconomicus as the fundamental and indispensable agent of capitalistic relations. As opposed to this “common sense” position in the modern social sciences, the second section of the article builds upon Pierre Bourdieu’s Anthropologie économique (2017) to demystify the notion of homo œconomicus. The article then examines some aspects of modern philosophical anthropology that show odd traces of Descartes’ thinking and that are regularly applied in economic science as well as in the critique of economic thinking as such. These are the concepts of mutuality, giving, exchange and generosity, and they are regarded as central to the philosopher’s moral doctrine.The author concludes that the philosophical doctrine of generosity has very little in common with the bourgeois ideology of utility which implies an instrumental relationship between subjects: in Caretesian moral philosophy the Other is neither an object of influence nor a means to achieve someone’s personal goals nor a windowless monad. Generosity certainly has its economic aspects, but these do not include accumulating wealth in the bourgeois sense. It is more in the realm of the aristocratic practice of making dispensations. All throughout his life Decartes may be viewed as exhibiting a peculiar kind of nobility in which the desire to give, endow and sacrifice outweighs any selfish interest. The vigorous pursuit of well-being gives way to a quest for the leisure required to pursue intellectual activity, and care for oneself does not preclude attending to and loving the Other, whatever form it may take.

La disparition des formes aristotéliciennes. À propos d'une démarche clandestine dans les Méditations

Dialogue ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-548
Author(s):  
Georges Moyal
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
René Descartes

RÉSUMÉMême si l'appréhension que l'on peut avoir des formes aristotéliciennes résulte de ce qu'Aristote nomme «induction», rien ne nécessite que leurs composantes soient reliées entre elles de façon intelligible, comme le sont, au contraire, les propriétés de la matière. C'est ce qui porte René Descartes à en débarrasser les sciences par une démarche effectuée subrepticement dans sa VIe Méditation, et à leur substituer la matière, dénominateur commun des êtres naturels. C'est cette démarche — elle continue d’éluder certains de ses lecteurs —, que nous tentons de mettre au jour dans ce qui suit.

Beautiful Surfaces

Nuncius ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-287
Author(s):  
Eleanor Chan
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Latin Translation ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Critical Interpretation

The assumption that the Cartesian bête-machine is the invention of René Descartes (1596–1650) is rarely contested. Close examination of Descartes’ texts proves that this is a concept founded not on the basis of his own writings, but a subsequent critical interpretation, which developed and began to dominate his work after his death. Descartes’ Treatise on Man, published posthumously in two rival editions, Florentius Schuyl’s Latin translation De Homine (1662), and Claude Clerselier’s Traité de l’ homme, has proved particularly problematic. The surviving manuscript copies of the Treatise on Man left no illustrations, leaving both editors the daunting task of producing a set of images to accompany and clarify the fragmented text. In this intriguing case, the images can be seen to have spoken louder than the text which they illustrated. This paper assesses Schuyl’s choice to represent Descartes’ Man in a highly stylized manner, without superimposing Clerselier’s intentions onto De Homine.

Princess Elisabeth and the Problem of Mind-Body Interaction

Hypatia ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Tollefsen
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Body Interaction ◽  
René Descartes

This paper focuses on Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia's philosophical views as exhibited in her early correspondence with Rene Descartes. Elisabeth's criticisms of Descartes's interactionism as well as her solution to the problem of mind-body interaction are examined in detail. The aim here is to develop a richer picture of Elisabeth as a philosophical thinker and to dispel the myth that she is simply a Cartesian muse.

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