National Study on the Contribution of Family Physicians to the US Emergency Physician Workforce in 2020

Scholars often observe that the foreign policies of states are not made in a vacuum but rather are determined or moulded to a significant degree by the external and internal actions of rivals. Domestic unrest is often considered a potential impetus for changing strategic behaviour. Leaders may be tempted to employ force externally to divert attention away from domestic unrest. The intended result is a ‘rally round the flag’ effect that culminates in higher approval/support for the executive as citizens forget about domestic problems and pay attention to a common adversary. One implication of this sort of ‘diversion’ is that potential scapegoats might employ strategic behaviour to avoid becoming a diversionary target. In other words, when they witness domestic unrest in a rival state, they worry that the rival may lash out at them and thus engage in ‘strategic avoidance’.Conversely, strategic behaviour may lead to a greater chance that the potential ‘diverter’ will itself be targeted for hostile behaviour. Erstwhile scapegoats may view periods of social unrest such as elections, domestic political protests or unstable cabinet structures in the other country as convenient and favourable times to escalate hostility. Such situations are viewed as opportunities that are ripe for exploitation.Alastair Smith's work has been extended to both the US case and a comparative cross-national study. Our purpose here is to extend this line of inquiry by looking at a region of the world locked in a long-term hostile relationship; namely, the Middle East. Our approach builds upon previous research that addresses the strategic interaction of enduring rivals.

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A National Study of the Quantity and Cost of Informal Caregiving for the Elderly with Stroke

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.32.suppl_1.326-b ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 32 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. 326-326

Author(s):

Susan L Hickenbottom ◽

Kenneth M Langa ◽

Jeffrey S Kutcher ◽

Mohammed U Kabeto ◽

A. M Fendrick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Informal Care ◽

Annual Cost ◽

The Elderly ◽

Informal Caregiving ◽

National Study ◽

Stroke Severity ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Stroke Incidence ◽

Stroke Treatment ◽

The Us

56 Background: As the US population ages, increased stroke incidence will result in higher stroke-associated costs. While estimates of direct costs exist, little information is available regarding informal caregiving costs for stroke patients. Objective: To determine a nationally representative estimate of the quantity and cost of informal caregiving for elderly stroke patients. Methods: We used data from the first wave (1993) of the Asset and Health Dynamics (AHEAD) Study, a longitudinal study of people over 70 living in the community, to determine average weekly hours of informal caregiving. Multivariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to examine association of stroke and other covariates and assess the probability of receiving informal care. Average annual cost for informal caregiving was calculated. Results: Of the 7443 respondents, 656 (6%) reported a history of stroke. Of those, 375 (57%) reported stroke-related health problems (SRHP). After adjusting for cormorbid conditions, social support and sociodemographics, the proportion of patients receiving informal care increased with stroke severity, and there was a significant association of weekly hours of caregiving with stroke category (p<0.01). Using the mean 1998 wage for a home health aide ($8.20/hr.) as the value for family caregiver time, the expected yearly caregiving cost per stroke ranged from $3500 to $7600, which would result in an annual cost of more than $5.7 billion for stroke-related informal caregiving in the US. Conclusions: The economic burden of informal caregiving following stroke has not been studied previously. Informal caregiving occurs frequently; associated costs are substantial and should be considered when estimating the cost of stroke treatment.

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Current and Historical Trends in Diversity by Race, Ethnicity, and Sex Within the US Pathology Physician Workforce

American Journal of Clinical Pathology ◽

10.1093/ajcp/aqaa139 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 154 (4) ◽

pp. 450-458

Author(s):

Marissa J White ◽

Rhea J Wyse ◽

Alisha D Ware ◽

Curtiland Deville

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Diversity ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Physician Workforce ◽

Underrepresented Minority ◽

Historical Trends ◽

Alaskan Native ◽

Gender Parity ◽

The Us ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic

Abstract Objectives This study assessed historical and current gender, racial, and ethnic diversity trends within US pathology graduate medical education (GME) and the pathologist workforce. Methods Data from online, publicly available sources were assessed for significant differences in racial, ethnic, and sex distribution in pathology trainees, as well as pathologists in practice or on faculty, separately compared with the US population and then each other using binomial tests. Results Since 1995, female pathology resident representation has been increasing at a rate of 0.45% per year (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29-0.61; P < .01), with pathology now having significantly more females (49.8%) compared to the total GME pool (45.4%; P < .0001). In contrast, there was no significant trend in the rate of change per year in black or American Indian, Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AI/AN/NH/PI) resident representation (P = .04 and .02). Since 1995, underrepresented minority (URM) faculty representation has increased by 0.03% per year (95% CI, 0.024-0.036; P < .01), with 7.6% URM faculty in 2018 (5.2% Hispanic, 2.2% black, 0.2% AI/AN/NH/PI). Conclusions This assessment of pathology trainee and physician workforce diversity highlights significant improvements in achieving trainee gender parity. However, there are persistent disparities in URM representation, with significant underrepresentation of URM pathologists compared with residents.

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