Computational Thinking and Participatory Teaching as Pathways to Personalized Learning

This chapter discusses personalized learning by briefly outlining historical trends and deficiencies associated with what can be referred to as production style or assembly line approaches to education before contrasting personalized learning definitions. The chapter extends those definitions. It discusses participatory teaching as a personalized learning strategy by which students take on roles of co-teaching, co-designing lessons, or co-designing curriculum with adult teachers. One participatory teaching example involves an international group of students who help one another learn science and mathematics through shared video production. This example involves a US school involved in a larger districtwide effort comprehensively designed to involve each student. Organized around computational thinking, multidisciplinary innovation, arts integration, and collaborative problem-solving, the district may be viewed as a case study in implementing personalized learning. The chapter furnishes several examples that blend participatory teaching and computational thinking.

American constitutionalism and the mid-19th-century nation

The authors of the article have studied the causes of the American Civil War with due regard to the history of constitutional law. This research is based on several political, economic, legal and cultural factors. The authors used the method of analyzing historical documents. After analyzing judicial precedents and global historical trends, they have concluded that America's constitutional institutes lost their effectiveness and became a weapon in the hands of struggling parties during the constitutional crisis. As a result, the compromise system of the early nineteenth century became a new state and legal structure.

A Survey of 802.15.4 TSCH Schedulers for a Standardized Industrial Internet of Things

Concepts such as Industry 4.0 and Cyber-Physical Systems may bring forward a new industrial revolution. These concepts require extensive connectivity far beyond what is provided by traditional industrial networks. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) bridges this gap by employing wireless connectivity and IP networking. In order for wireless networks to meet the strict requirements of the industrial domain, the Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) MAC is often employed. The properties of a TSCH network are defined by the schedule, which dictates transmission opportunities for all nodes. We survey the literature for these schedulers, describe and organize them according to their operation: Centralized, Collaborative, Autonomous, Hybrid, and Static. For each category and the field as a whole, we provide a holistic view and describe historical trends, highlight key developments, and identify trends, such as the attention towards autonomous mechanisms. Each of the 76 schedulers is analyzed into their common components to allow for comparison between schedulers and a deeper understanding of functionality and key properties. This reveals trends such as increasing complexity and the utilization of centralized principles in several collaborative schedulers. Further, each scheduler is evaluated qualitatively to identify its objectives. Altogether this allows us to point out challenges in existing work and identify areas for future research, including fault tolerance, scalability, non-convergecast traffic patterns, and hybrid scheduling strategies.

Overview of Education in Ethiopia: Traditional Institutions and Language Perspectives

This article briefly introduces the phases of education in Ethiopia in the last 150 years and the impact of traditional institutions on languages. The intention of this report is to present the background section of a PhD (Gemechis, 2020) defended at Ghent University in September 2020. It is believed that the period of modern education in Ethiopia is shorter when compared with that of traditional education, which lasted for more than a century. Modern or “Western” education was launched in 1908, and Western educational ideas have flourished since the early twentieth century; but the traditional approach characterised Ethiopian education throughout the history of this ancient nation (Hoot, Szente and Mebratu, 2004). This article aims to review the past 150 years of education in Ethiopia in connection with historical trends and the influence of traditional institutions on education in general and languages in particular. Respondents discuss the fact that that, unlike the Orthodox and Missionary churches in Ethiopia, some of the traditional institutions such as the Waaqqeffannaa of Oromoo Institution were not allowed to reflect their values and languages. The study reveals that traditional institutions have played a crucial role in education in Ethiopia. Furthermore, understanding the impact of languages in education is important in teaching and learning in general. However, the findings confirm that there was no structure that could equally understand and accommodate all traditional institutions to contribute to the education of Ethiopia in the past. This article concludes with the recommendation that there should be a well-established implementation system on the languages and cultural institutions that could attract all nations and nationalities to promote their traditional institutions. For instance, there are no language and cultural policies aimed at sustainability.

A History of Polish Theatre

Poland is celebrated internationally for its rich and varied performance traditions and theatre histories. This groundbreaking volume is the first in English to engage with these topics across an ambitious scope, incorporating Staropolska, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Enlightenment and Romanticism within its broad ambit. The book also discusses theatre cultures under socialism, the emergence of canonical practitioners and training methods, the development of dramaturgical forms and stage aesthetics and the political transformations attending the ends of the First and Second World Wars. Subjects of far-reaching transnational attention such as Jerzy Grotowski and Tadeusz Kantor are contextualised alongside theatre makers and practices that have gone largely unrecognized by international readers, while the participation of ethnic minorities in the production of national culture is given fresh attention. The essays in this collection theorise broad historical trends, movements, and case studies that extend the discursive limits of Polish national and cultural identity.

The Reconstruction of Plastic Surgery: A Historical Perspective on the Etymology of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

Although the origins of procedures now falling under the scope of modern plastic surgery date back thousands of years, it was only fairly recently that these were grouped under the umbrella term “plastic” surgery. However, mainly due to the industrialization period, the popular understanding of the term “plastic” would soon change—making way for the addition of the term “reconstructive” to the specialty's name. Through a careful look at historical trends, the authors illustrate how this unintentionally led to an ideological divide between the aesthetic and reconstructive portions of our work, prompting a recent push to unify the field under the one, original, lexical choice: “plastic” surgery.

Small events and transdisciplinarity

В современной исторической науке большую роль играет малая событийность, изучаемая с помощью вероятностных статистических методов. Применение количественных методов в историописании, распространенное с 1960-х гг., сочетается с воз-росшим интересом к малой однородной будничной событийности, образующей исторические тенденции, традиции и процессы. In modern historical science, a large role is played by small events, which are studied by using probabilistic statistical methods. The use of quantitative methods in historical writing, which has been widespread since the 60s of the twentieth century, is combined with an increased interest in small, homogeneous everyday events that form historical trends, traditions and processes.

Virtual Reality and Emotion: A 5-Year Systematic Review of Empirical Research (2015-2019)

The central aim of this chapter is to identify how immersive VR can be used as a tool to inform our understanding of emotion and how emotion operates as a mechanism for VR effects. To accomplish this goal, we conducted a 5-year systematic review of the VR and emotion literature (2015-2019), while also reviewing seminal pieces from outside the 5-year timeframe to provide additional perspective on the more recent work. This decision to start the review in 2015 was purposeful in order to focus our review on recent, not historical trends in VR and emotion research, and to identify empirical studies that are concerned with three types of research: (1) the connection between VR and emotion from a emotion regulation perspective (e.g., mood induction, clinical applications), (2) studies that treat emotions as a mechanism to evaluate social or psychological phenomena, and (3) studies concerned with a deeper understanding of emotions or emotion theory. Our perspective draws on evidence from communication research, psychology, and human-computer interaction to achieve these aims. We ground our investigation in an overview of immersive VR and discuss current debates in emotion research. Finally, we attempt to make connections across fields by drawing on literature since 2015.

Geographic Distribution of Excess Mortality Rate duo to COVID-19 in Iranian Population: An Ecological Study

Introduction: COVID-19 has raised world concern since it emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The direct and indirect death rates in the world and in Iran have increased significantly after the occurrence of this pandemic in the world. Objective: In this study EMR estimated by Multilevel Poison Regression then this estimation compared to the historical trends, to obtain total death related to the COVID-19 in addtion the geographic distribution of EMR has been presented for Iran country. Materials and Methods: All-cause mortality count of each province of Iran from March 21, 2013 to June 20, 2020 downloaded from National Organizationfor Civil Registration (NOCR). The data from spring of 2020 (March 20, 2020 to June 20, 2020) remove from data and then the multilevel poison model has been used to estimate all-cause mortality in spring 2020 then excess mortality attributable to COVID-19 (the difference between the numberof registered and expected deaths) has been calculated. Results: The results of this study showed that Iran’s EMR in spring 2020 was 23% (Male=25%, Female=21%). More result also showed that four category low (EMR≤5%, n=3), moderate (5 %< EMR<20%, n=10), high (20 %< EMR<40%, n=16) and very high (40≤EMR, n=2) EMR. Conclusion: Due to the diverse EMR in different provinces of Iran, the type of management of provinces with low and moderate EMR can be used as a suitable model to control EMR in provinces with high and very high EMR.