scholarly journals Governing Medical Knowledge Commons - Introduction and Chapter 1

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine J. Strandburg ◽  
Brett M. Frischmann ◽  
Michael J Madison
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Critical Fields ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Knowledge Commons ◽  
Previous Volume

Governing Medical Knowledge Commons makes three claims: first, evidence matters to innovation policymaking; second, evidence shows that self-governing knowledge commons support effective innovation without prioritizing traditional intellectual property rights; and third, knowledge commons can succeed in the critical fields of medicine and health. The editors' knowledge commons framework adapts Elinor Ostrom's groundbreaking research on natural resource commons to the distinctive attributes of knowledge and information, providing a systematic means for accumulating evidence about how knowledge commons succeed. The editors' previous volume, Governing Knowledge Commons, demonstrated the framework's power through case studies in a diverse range of areas. Governing Medical Knowledge Commons provides fifteen new case studies of knowledge commons in which researchers, medical professionals, and patients generate, improve, and share innovations, offering readers a practical introduction to the knowledge commons framework and a synthesis of conclusions and lessons.

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Swift
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Modern Material ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
End Products ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Object Affordance

Over the course of this book, we have investigated a diverse range of Roman material, which has provided a wonderful opportunity to examine relationships between people and things. Not only is the Roman period well recorded in textual sources in comparison to other periods in antiquity, allowing a good understanding of the wider historical context, it also has a relatively long timespan, and very large, well-dated and well-documented assemblages of artefacts, with much potential for further interrogation. All this has made possible a nuanced investigation of the evidence in which we have been able to dissect various different trajectories of artefact development and use, and investigate wider issues of behaviour and experience. What have the case studies in this book contributed to our understanding of how affordances may be studied? In theoretical discussions, it has been suggested that affordances need to be evaluated alongside other sources of evidence such as wear marks, experimental reconstruction, and archaeological context (see Chapter 1). This has been undertaken through the case studies in Chapter 2, which show that comparative approaches of this kind yield a much richer understanding of artefact function and possible variability in use, and of the end products made by particular tools and how these too change through time. In addition, the case studies have demonstrated several aspects of object affordance that need to be carefully considered in any study of functional objects. Firstly, we have learned especial caution is needed in studying artefacts that appear to have similar functions to modern objects. Although the basic identification of such objects tends to be correct, there may be a tendency to project onto these objects exactly the same range of functions that they have in the present, without paying sufficient attention to how the objects themselves, and the conditions in which they existed and were used, are different to those of modern material culture. Here we need an especially close focus on the affordances of particular artefacts, and what they might facilitate that is different from modern uses.

scholarly journals Stitching together: Ethical dimensions and innovative approaches to participatory textile making

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
Emma Shercliff ◽  
Amy Twigger Holroyd
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Shared Learning ◽  
Participant Experience ◽  
The Future ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Network Event ◽  
Previous Volume

This article, written by the coordinators of the Stitching Together network, introduces a diverse range of case studies that critically discuss participatory textile making activities, complementing a first collection of case studies that was provided in the previous volume of this journal. Drawing on a recent network event and the case studies included in this issue, the article outlines a number of ethical dimensions that arise in participatory textile making activities: first, the challenge of inclusivity; second, the vulnerabilities that arise when space is made for shared learning; third, the issue of communication between facilitators, participants and partners in collaborative projects; and fourth, the ways in which projects and participants are (re)presented in research findings. The theme of innovation is also discussed, with a focus on the participant experience. Looking to the future, the need for further collaborative interrogation of the complex questions raised through participatory textile work is highlighted. A good practice document, created with the input of network members, is highlighted as a potentially useful foundation for continued critical discussion.

Future tents: protest camps and social movement organisation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Frenzel ◽  
Gavin Brown ◽  
Anna Feigenbaum ◽  
Patrick McCurdy
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Priority Areas ◽  
Context Shape

This chapter concludes the volume by highlighting key themes that have run through the book and the case studies of diverse contemporary and historical protest camps contained within it. The chapter recognises that protest camps have come into being motivated by a diverse range of political imperatives and that these political motivations, as much as local context, shape the form that specific protest camps take. The conclusion reaffirms the importance of studying the infrastructural arrangements through which protest camps function. It highlights several of the contradictions posed by protest camping – both around the valorisation of territory and the act of camping itself, and the tensions arising out of attention to social reproduction and care within camps. Finally, the conclusion reflects on some of the gaps in existing research highlighted by the book, and outlines priority areas for future protest camps research.

scholarly journals Between Party, People, and Profession: The Many Faces of the ‘Doctor’ during the Cultural Revolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Gross
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
The Many ◽  
Levelling Effect ◽  
The Cultural Revolution

During the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–76), Chairman Mao fundamentally reformed medicine so that rural people received medical care. His new medical model has been variously characterised as: revolutionary Maoist medicine, a revitalised form of Chinese medicine; and the final conquest by Western medicine. This paper finds that instead of Mao’s vision of a new ‘revolutionary medicine’, there was a new medical synthesis that drew from the Maoist ideal and Western and Chinese traditions, but fundamentally differed from all of them. Maoist medicine’s ultimate aim was doctors as peasant carers. However, rural people and local governments valued treatment expertise, causing divergence from this ideal. As a result, Western and elite Chinese medical doctors sent to the countryside for rehabilitation were preferable to barefoot doctors and received rural support. Initially Western-trained physicians belittled elite Chinese doctors, and both looked down on barefoot doctors and indigenous herbalists and acupuncturists. However, the levelling effect of terrible rural conditions made these diverse conceptions of the doctor closer during the Cultural Revolution. Thus, urban doctors and rural medical practitioners developed a symbiotic relationship: barefoot doctors provided political protection and local knowledge for urban doctors; urban doctors’ provided expertise and a medical apprenticeship for barefoot doctors; and both counted on the local medical knowledge of indigenous healers. This fragile conceptual nexus had fallen apart by the end of the Maoist era (1976), but the evidence of new medical syntheses shows the diverse range of alliances that become possible under the rubric of ‘revolutionary medicine’.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-119
Author(s):  
Charles F. Manski
Keyword(s):  
Patient Care ◽  
Guideline Development ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adherence To Guidelines ◽  
Decisions Under Uncertainty

This concluding chapter provides suggestions that encourage putting the themes of the book into practice. It returns to the question from Chapter 1: “Should clinicians adhere to guidelines or exercise judgment?” The chapter cautions against universal adherence to guidelines. Motivated by some of these considerations, the chapter considers separating two tasks of guideline development that have commonly been performed in conjunction. One task is to characterize medical knowledge. The other is to make recommendations for patient care. An alternative to having guidelines make care recommendations would be to enhance the ability of clinicians to make reasonable patient care decisions under uncertainty.

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