scholarly journals 210930 Kok et al._Self-Regulation in Early Childhood_Preprint

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rianne Kok ◽  
Maartje Luijk ◽  
Nicole Lucassen ◽  
Peter Prinzie ◽  
Joran Jongerling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Maternal Sensitivity ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Delay Of Gratification ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Strange Situation ◽  
Cortisol Reactivity ◽  
Maternal Parenting ◽  
The Impact

Maternal sensitivity and supportive discipline are important determinants of child self-regulation. Some evidence suggests that specific genetic or temperamental markers determine children’s susceptibility to the impact of maternal parenting on child self-regulation. Cortisol reactivity as a susceptibility marker moderating the relation between maternal parenting and child self-regulation has not yet been studied. In this longitudinal population-based study (N=258), the moderating role of infant cortisol stress response to the Strange Situation Procedure at age 1 was examined in the association between parenting (sensitivity and supportive discipline) at age 3 and child self-regulation at age 3 and 4. Maternal sensitivity and supportive discipline were related to child immediate and prolonged delay of gratification at age 3, and maternal sensitivity was related to working memory skills at age 4. No evidence of differential susceptibility to maternal parenting was found, based on differences in infant cortisol stress response.

scholarly journals The development of the cortisol response to dyadic stressors in Black and White infants

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 1995-2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Dismukes ◽  
Elizabeth Shirtcliff ◽  
Christopher W. Jones ◽  
Charles Zeanah ◽  
Katherine Theall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Life ◽  
First Year ◽  
Strange Situation ◽  
Cortisol Reactivity ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Black And White ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Still Face Paradigm ◽  
Strange Situation Procedure

AbstractAcute reactivity of the stress hormone cortisol is reflective of early adversity and stress exposure, with some studies finding that the impact of adversity on the stress response differs by race. The objectives of the current study were to characterize cortisol reactivity to two dyadically based stress paradigms across the first year of life, to examine cortisol reactivity within Black and White infants, and to assess the impact of correlates of racial inequity including socioeconomic status, experiences of discrimination, and urban life stressors, as well as the buffering by racial socialization on cortisol patterns. Salivary cortisol reactivity was assessed at 4 months of age during the Still Face paradigm (N = 207) and at 12 months of age across the Strange Situation procedure (N = 129). Infants demonstrated the steepest recovery after the Still Face paradigm and steepest reactivity to the Strange Situation procedure. Race differences in cortisol were not present at 4 months but emerged at 12 months of age, with Black infants having higher cortisol. Experiences of discrimination contributed to cortisol differences within Black infants, suggesting that racial discrimination is already “under the skin” by 1 year of age. These findings suggest that race-related differences in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal reactivity are present in infancy, and that the first year of life is a crucial time period during which interventions and prevention efforts for maternal–infant dyads are most likely able to shape hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal reactivity thereby mitigating health disparities early across the life course.

scholarly journals A Household Study of Self-Regulation in Children

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhard Drobetz ◽  
Andreas Maercker ◽  
C. Katharina Spiess ◽  
Gert G. Wagner ◽  
Simon Forstmeier
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Maternal Sensitivity ◽  
Delay Of Gratification ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
Intergenerational Links

Delay of gratification (DoG) and delay discounting (DD) are behavioral measures of self-regulation and impulsivity. Whereas DoG refers to the postponement of gratification, DD involves the devaluation of a reward over time. Previous studies have demonstrated associations between paternal self-control, paternal personality traits, parenting styles, maternal intelligence, and children’s self-regulation. The present study explored intergenerational links between mothers’ and child’s self-regulation and maternal antecedents of children’s DoG. We analyzed 267 mother-child dyads in the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) Children’s Study. Measures included an experiment using gummy bears as rewards to assess DoG in children and monetary choice procedures to assess DD in mothers. Additionally, cognitive abilities and personality traits of mothers and children were assessed. The main result was that the children’s age and breastfeeding were significant predictors of DoG in children, even when we controlled for other influences such as maternal cognitive abilities and personality traits. We explain the result in the context of previous findings concerning attachment security, bonding, maternal sensitivity, children’s self-regulation of energy intake, neuroscientific evidence, and breastfeeding. Further studies should use equivalent measures of DoG in children and parents to further explore this link between breastfeeding and DoG in a genetically sensitive design.

Paternal alcohol use and the mother-infant relationship

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Das Eiden ◽  
Kenneth E. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Marital Satisfaction ◽  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
Maternal Sensitivity ◽  
Strange Situation ◽  
Infant Attachment ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the association between paternal alcohol use and the mother-infant relationship. A related goal was to investigate the role of maternal depression and marital satisfaction in moderating this relationship. Subjects were 55 mother-infant dyads (12–24-month-old infants) who were observed in the Strange Situation paradigm to assess infant attachment and in structured play interactions. There were 23 families with heavy drinking fathers and 32 with light drinking fathers. As predicted, infants of heavy drinking fathers were more likely to be insecurely attached compared to infants of light drinking fathers. Contrary to expectations, neither maternal depression nor marital interaction mediated the relationship between paternal alcohol use and mother-infant interactions. However, maternal depression did interact with paternal alcohol use to predict infant attachment security and maternal sensitivity. There was also an interactive effect of marital satisfaction and paternal alcohol use on maternal sensitivity. The results suggest that paternal alcohol use may influence family functioning and the mother-child relationship as early as infancy and suggest one possible pathway toward maladjustment among infants of heavy drinking fathers. However, in addition to investigating the impact of paternal alcohol use on the father-infant relationship, the influence of various familial factors associated with paternal alcohol use need to be more closely examined from a longitudinal perspective.

Strategic Audit Inquiry: The Impact of Timing and the Promotion of Statutory Protections on Client Fraud Disclosures

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-167
Author(s):  
John R. Lauck ◽  
Stephen J. Perreault ◽  
Joseph R. Rakestraw ◽  
James S. Wainberg
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Audit Committees ◽  
External Auditors ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Inquiry Process ◽  
The Impact

SYNOPSIS Auditing standards require external auditors to inquire of client-employees regarding their knowledge of actual or suspected fraud (PCAOB 2010b; AICPA 2016). However, the extant literature provides little guidance on practical methods that auditors can employ to increase the likelihood of fraud disclosure and improve audit quality. Drawing upon best practices in the whistleblowing literature and psychological theories on self-regulation, we experimentally test the efficacy of two practical strategies that auditors can employ during the fraud inquiry process: actively promoting statutory whistleblower protections and strategically timing their fraud inquiries. Our results indicate that auditors are more likely to elicit client-employee fraud disclosures by actively promoting statutory whistleblower protections and strategically timing the fraud inquiry to take place in the afternoon, when client-employee self-regulation is more likely to be depleted. These two audit inquiry strategies should be of considerable interest to audit practitioners, audit committees, and those concerned with improving audit quality. Data Availability: From the authors by request.

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