scholarly journals Modeling response granularity with mixture models: A case of severity ratings in child maltreatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yui Furukawa ◽  
Daiki Hojo ◽  
JiroSakamoto ◽  
Kota Takaoka
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Mixture Models ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Round Numbers ◽  
Response Behaviors

Heaping, where responses are concentrated in round numbers, such as 5 or 10, is one of the response behaviors observed in surveys. The heaping phenomenon in subjective quantities may be explained by response granularity, which expresses the uncertainty of subjective quantities. We conducted an exploratory study using mixture models with a response granularity assumption, and used the severity ratings of child maltreatment measured by slider scales with numerical feedback as a case of heaped subjective quantity (14 401 records from 487 respondents). The results of the model comparison showed that it was reasonable to assume a response granularity for severity ratings. We classified the respondents into five groups based on the uncertainty of response granularity because individual differences were observed. This study proposes the usefulness of an approach that utilizes mixture models to examine individual response granularity.

scholarly journals Letter transpositions and morphemic boundaries in the second language processing of derived words: An exploratory study of individual differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-446
Author(s):  
Hasibe Kahraman ◽  
Bilal Kırkıcı
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Reading Proficiency ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Morphological Processing ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Second Language Processing ◽  
Morphological Priming

AbstractResearch into nonnative (L2) morphological processing has produced largely conflicting findings. To contribute to the discussions surrounding the contradictory findings in the literature, we examined L2 morphological priming effects along with a transposed-letter (TL) methodology. Critically, we also explored the potential effects of individual differences in the reading networks of L2 speakers using a test battery of reading proficiency. A masked primed lexical decision experiment was carried out in which the same target (e.g., ALLOW) was preceded by a morphological prime (allowable), a TL-within prime (allwoable), an substituted letter (SL)-within prime (allveable), a TL-across prime (alloawble), an SL-across prime (alloimble), or an unrelated prime (believable). The average data yielded morphological priming but no significant TL priming. However, the results of an exploratory analysis of the potential effects of individual differences suggested that individual variability mediated the group-level priming patterns in L2 speakers. TL-within and TL-across priming effects were obtained only when the performance of participants on nonword reading was considered, while the magnitude of the morphological priming effects diminished as the knowledge of vocabulary expanded. The results highlight the importance of considering individual differences while testing L2 populations.

scholarly journals What counts in preschool number knowledge? A Bayes factor analytic approach towards theoretical model development

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Mou ◽  
Ilaria Berteletti ◽  
Daniel C. Hyde
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Bayes Factor ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Numerical Ability ◽  
Selection Strategies ◽  
Bayesian Model Comparison ◽  
Mathematics Knowledge ◽  
Number Knowledge

Preschool children vary tremendously in their numerical knowledge and these individual differences strongly predict later mathematics achievement. To better understand the sources of these individual differences, we measured a variety of cognitive and linguistic abilities motivated by previous literature to be important and then analyzed which combination of these variables best-explained individual differences in actual number knowledge. Through various data-driven Bayesian model comparison and selection strategies on competing multiple regression models, our analyses identified five variables of unique importance to explaining individual differences in preschool children’s symbolic number knowledge: knowledge of the count list, non-verbal approximate numerical ability, working memory, executive conflict processing, and knowledge of letters and words. Further our analyses revealed that knowledge of the count list, likely a proxy for explicit practice or experience with numbers, and non-verbal approximate numerical ability were much more important to explaining individual differences in number knowledge than general cognitive and verbal abilities. These findings suggest that children bring a diverse set of number-specific, general cognitive and language abilities that are involved in children’s learning of mathematics knowledge, and further suggest that number-specific abilities overshadow more general ones in their contribution to children’s early learning of symbolic numbers.

scholarly journals The truth revisited: Bayesian analysis of individual differences in the truth effect

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schnuerch ◽  
Lena Nadarevic ◽  
Jeffrey Rouder
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Bayes Factor ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Truth Effect ◽  
Negative Truth ◽  
Positive Truth

The repetition-induced truth effect refers to a phenomenon where people rate repeated statements as more likely true than novel statements. In this paper we document qualitative individual differences in the effect. While the overwhelming majority of participants display the usual positive truth effect, a minority are the opposite – they reliably discount the validity of repeated statements, what we refer to as negative truth effect. We examine 8 truth-effect data sets where individual-level data are curated. These sets are composed of 1,105 individuals performing 38,904 judgments. Through Bayes factor model comparison, we show that reliable negative truth effects occur in 5 of the 8 data sets. The negative truth effect is informative because it seems unreasonable that the mechanisms mediating the positive truth effect are the same that lead to a discounting of repeated statements' validity. Moreover, the presence of qualitative differences motivates a different type of analysis of individual differences based on ordinal (i.e., Which sign does the effect have?) rather than metric measures. To our knowledge, this paper reports the first such reliable qualitative differences in a cognitive task.

Psychophysiological influences on personality trajectories in adolescent females exposed to child maltreatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 1390-1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raha Hassan ◽  
Harriet L. MacMillan ◽  
Masako Tanaka ◽  
Louis A. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Adolescent Females ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Psychophysiological Measures

AbstractAlthough child maltreatment is a major public health concern, which adversely affects psychological and physical development, we know relatively little concerning psychophysiological and personality factors that may modify risk in children exposed to maltreatment. Using a three-wave, short-term prospective design, we examined the influence of individual differences in two disparate psychophysiological measures of risk (i.e., resting frontal brain electrical activity and respiratory sinus arrhythmia) on the trajectories of extraversion and neuroticism in a sample of female adolescents (N = 55; M age = 14.02 years) exposed to child maltreatment. Adolescents exposed to child maltreatment with relatively higher left frontal absolute alpha power (i.e., lower brain activity) at rest exhibited increasing trajectories of extraversion, and adolescents exposed to child maltreatment with relatively lower respiratory sinus arrhythmia at rest displayed increasing trajectories of neuroticism over 1 year. Individual differences in psychophysiological measures indexing resting central and peripheral nervous system activity may therefore differentially influence personality characteristics in adolescent females exposed to child maltreatment.

scholarly journals The truth revisited: Bayesian analysis of individual differences in the truth effect

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schnuerch ◽  
Lena Nadarevic ◽  
Jeffrey N. Rouder
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Bayes Factor ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Truth Effect ◽  
Negative Truth ◽  
Positive Truth

Abstract The repetition-induced truth effect refers to a phenomenon where people rate repeated statements as more likely true than novel statements. In this paper, we document qualitative individual differences in the effect. While the overwhelming majority of participants display the usual positive truth effect, a minority are the opposite—they reliably discount the validity of repeated statements, what we refer to as negative truth effect. We examine eight truth-effect data sets where individual-level data are curated. These sets are composed of 1105 individuals performing 38,904 judgments. Through Bayes factor model comparison, we show that reliable negative truth effects occur in five of the eight data sets. The negative truth effect is informative because it seems unreasonable that the mechanisms mediating the positive truth effect are the same that lead to a discounting of repeated statements’ validity. Moreover, the presence of qualitative differences motivates a different type of analysis of individual differences based on ordinal (i.e., Which sign does the effect have?) rather than metric measures. To our knowledge, this paper reports the first such reliable qualitative differences in a cognitive task.

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