Dipterocarpus Gaertn. (Dipterocarpaceae) leaf from the Middle Siwalik of eastern Nepal and its phytogeographic and climatic significance

A leaf of Dipterocarpus (Dipterocarpaceae) is described from the Lower member of Middle Siwalik of eastern Nepal. Its presence indicates that during the deposition of the sediments there was a warm and humid climate with dry season of not more than 3–4 months. The modern distribution of the genus and family reveals that nowadays they have disappeared from the modern flora of Nepal. The most plausible reason for their disappearance might be an increase in length of the dry season caused by the upliftment of the Himalaya.

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Leaf Impressions of Terminalia (Combretaceae) and Daphnogene (Lauraceae) from the Middle Siwalik of the Chatara-Barahakshetra Area, Eastern Nepal

Bulletin of the Department of Geology ◽

10.3126/bdg.v20i0.20719 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 21-28

Author(s):

Purushottam Adhikari ◽

Gaurav Srivastava ◽

Rakesh C. Mehrotra ◽

Drona Adhikari ◽

Keshav Shrestha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Evergreen Forest ◽

Humid Climate ◽

Lower Member ◽

Leaf Impressions ◽

Middle Siwalik

Leaves of Terminalia (Combretaceae) and Daphnogene (Lauraceae) are described from the lower member of Lower Siwalik of Chatara- Barahakshetra area, eastern Nepal. The habit, habitat and present day distribution of the comparable extant taxa indicates the existence of tropical to sub-tropical evergreen to semi evergreen forest with humid climate in the area during the deposition of the Siwalik sediments. Bulletin of Department of Geology, vol. 20-21, 2018, pp: 21-28

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Daylight Performance of Colonial Houses in Surabaya

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20186704026 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 67 ◽

pp. 04026 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

I Gusti N. Antaryama ◽

Sri N.N. Ekasiwi ◽

Irvansyah ◽

Muhammad S. Ulum

Keyword(s):

Field Measurement ◽

Building Design ◽

Dry Season ◽

Design Strategies ◽

Humid Climate ◽

Domestic Activities ◽

Daylight Performance ◽

Window Design

The present study explores and evaluates daylight performance of colonial houses in Surabaya. It is a prelimanary study that is aimed to further extent the knowledge regarding the daylight conditions in the colonial houses which is limited and previously arised only by small number of studies. Daylight condition of the building is collected through a field measurement which is conducted in four colonial houses in Surabaya during the dry season. The daylight factor of the building is then analyzed and evaluated to indicate the daylight performance of the houses. The study found that not all of the colonial houses under study were able to suffice the minimum daylight requirements for domestic activities. Good daylight performance can be achieved by the building design and the appropriate utilisation schedule of window. Design strategies used in the colonial house reflect the adapatability of the building to the warm humid climate of Surabaya.

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Seasonal life cycle of the tropical cricket Eneoptera surinamensis (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Eneopterinae)

Iheringia Série Zoologia ◽

10.1590/s0073-47212006000200019 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 96 (2) ◽

pp. 267-269 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Edison Zefa ◽

Fernando M. Rúbio ◽

Alcides R. Rinaldi ◽

Luis H. Gollin ◽

Denis B. F. da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Deciduous Forest ◽

Dry Season ◽

Seasonal Distribution ◽

Field Observations ◽

Humid Climate ◽

Dry Seasons ◽

Wet And Dry Seasons

The life cycle and seasonal distribution of a tropical population of Eneoptera surinamensis (De Geer, 1773) were analyzed aiming to verify whether this species life cycle is associated to the wet and dry seasons. The population studied was found at the Seasonal Alluvial Semi-deciduous Forest, Foz de Iguaçu, PR, Brazil (25º27'54.9'' S; 54º34'27.9'' W), which presents mild mesothermal and super humid climate. Field observations were made at 20- to 24-day intervals, with the first observation occurring on April 30th, 2002 and the last on April 25th, 2003. It was verified that the studied species is univoltine and cyclic with regards to the dry and wet seasons, therefore being heterodynamic and surviving the dry season as adult.

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Lithostratigraphy of the Siwalik Group, Khutia Khola section, Far Western Nepal Himalaya

Journal of Nepal Geological Society ◽

10.3126/jngs.v49i1.23139 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 29-39

Author(s):

Swostik Kumar Adhikari ◽

Tetsuya Sakai

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

River System ◽

Coarse Grained ◽

Nepal Himalaya ◽

Gravel Size ◽

Major River ◽

Middle Siwalik ◽

Siwalik Group ◽

Salt And Pepper ◽

The Himalaya

The Neogene fluival sediments (Siwalik Group) forming the southernmost hills in the Himalaya is well exposed along the Khutia Khola in the Far Western Nepal. The newly established lithostratigraphy is subdivided into the Jagati Formation (2110 m, equivalent to the Lower Siwalik) and the Kala Formation (2050 m, equivalent to the Middle Siwalik) in ascending order. Each formation is further divided into three members; the lower, middle and upper, based on the ratio of mudstone vs. sandstone beds as well as color and grain size of sandstone. The Jagati Formation is characterized by reddish-brown mudstones interbedded with very fine- to coarse-grained sandstones. Paleosols characterized with burrows, rhizoliths, desiccation cracks, concretions and nodules are present in higher proportion than thinly laminated or massive mudstone beds. The Kala Formation comprises thin- to thick-bedded, very fine- to very coarse-grained sandstones and pebbly sandstones interbedded with reddishbrown, greenish-grey to dark-grey mudstones. Sandstone beds exhibit "salt and pepper" appearance. In the lower part of the upper member sub-rounded to rounded pebbles are scattered along with trough and planar cross-laminations in sandstone beds, whereas the gravel size tends to be larger and few cobble size gravels also appear in the upper part. Thinly laminated or massive mudstones are common and paleosols are less frequent. The age of the boundary between the Jagati and Kala Formations (Lower-Middle Siwaliks) is around 11.05 Ma. The boundaries age between the middle and upper members of the Jagati Formation is around 12.7 Ma and between the lower and middle members of the Kala Formation is around 9.0 Ma. The dominance of finer sediments and thinner sandstone units than that of neighboring Siwalik successions indicate the fluvial fancies of the Khutia Khola section is deposited by a small river system and may represent the inter fluve setting of major river systems.

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Petrography of the Neogene Siwalik Group sandstones, Khutia Khola section, Nepal Himalaya: implications for provenance, paleoclimate and tectonic setting

Journal of Nepal Geological Society ◽

10.3126/jngs.v53i0.23797 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 17-30

Author(s):

Swostik Kumar Adhikari ◽

Tetsuya Sakai

Keyword(s):

Tectonic Setting ◽

Source Rocks ◽

Humid Climate ◽

Climate History ◽

Petrographic Composition ◽

Nepal Himalaya ◽

Fluvial Sediment ◽

Siwalik Group ◽

The Himalaya

The Neogene fluvial sediment (Siwalik Group) forming the southernmost foothill in the Himalaya is one of the best archives of climate history and uplift of the Himalaya. The petrographic composition of these fluvial sandstones provides information on source rocks, depositional climate of the Siwalik sediments and tectonic setting of the Himalaya. This study presents the petrographical results of the Siwalik sandstones from the Khutia Khola section, Nepal Himalaya. Petrographically, these sandstones are lithic arenites (30%) to sub-litharenites (70%). Provenance analyses show that sediments were mainly derived from recycled orogenic and transitional recycled areas in the recycled orogen block provenances. The climatic indexes suggest the semi-humid to humid climate during sedimentation of the Khutia Khola sandstones. The stratigraphic trend of the lithic components show that metamorphic lithic grains are increasing and sedimentary lithic grains are decreasing in up section, and the Lesser and Higher Himalayas are the mixed source of these Siwalik sandstones.

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