About the Cover Image

On the cover of this issue is an image taken from the Wellcome Collection. Titled “Dance of death: death and the pedlar”, the image shows a skeletal personification of Death picking through a basket of goods. In the basket are included masks, crosses, a deck of cards, swords, and a variety of other items. Published in the 18th Century, it is based on, and an interpretation of a piece in Basel on the Dance of Death. It is black and white and a print produced via etching a plate and using this to print the image.

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Recovery of a vandalized canvas painting our Lady of the Rosary from Vrlika (Croatia)

Ge-conservacion ◽

10.37558/gec.v18i1.828 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 247-257

Author(s):

Sandra Sustic ◽

Ivan Rezic ◽

Mario Cvetkovic

Keyword(s):

Visual Analysis ◽

18Th Century ◽

Paint Layer ◽

General Factor ◽

Oil Painting ◽

War Of Independence ◽

Black And White ◽

Parish Community ◽

Visual Materials ◽

Painting On Canvas

This study is related to the major recovery project of an 18th century oil painting on canvas depicting Our Lady of the Rosary, the patron saint of the parish community of Vrlika and its surroundings. During the Croatian War of Independence in 1992 it was taken off the main altar and vandalized by the paramilitary units. This resulted in termination of a century long tradition of annual feasts in Vrlika in which the painting was publicly displayed and carried by the townsmen. Based on the available visual materials: a high resolution old black and white photograph and the low resolution coloured one, respectfully, using the computer colorization algorithm, and also relying on detailed visual analysis of the original paint layer, a major reconstruction was carried out in 2017. This research has demonstrated that the recovery of the artworks with dramatic losses is an extremely complex social phenomenon difficult to characterize by any general factor or based on any general approach.

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Steganography Technique Inspired by Rook

International Journal of Information Security and Privacy ◽

10.4018/ijisp.2021040103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 53-67

Author(s):

Abhishek Bansal ◽

Vinay Kumar

Keyword(s):

Cover Image ◽

Secret Information ◽

Black And White ◽

Straight Line ◽

Chess Piece ◽

Bit Plane ◽

Bit Planes ◽

Functional Output

A steganographic technique inspired by rook is presented in this paper to ensure privacy and secrecy. In this approach, the cover image is partitioned into n × 1 pixel blocks and converted equivalent n × 8 binary bit planes. Then the functional output of each block is calculated on the basis of the number of rook positions, which are attacked by opponent rooks. The rook is a chess piece that moves only forward and backward in a straight line. In binary bit plane, 0 and 1 are considered as a black and white opponent rook, respectively. The secret information is considered as stream of binary bits. The binary bits of secret information are compared with the functional output of the corresponding block. If it is equal to the functional output of the corresponding block, then nothing needs to be done. In case of inequality, the small number of bits needs to be flipped in such a way that the functional output of the corresponding block becomes equal to the corresponding secret binary bits and the distortion of the cover is minimized.

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A Creole origin for Barlovento Spanish? A linguistic and sociohistorical inquiry

Language in Society ◽

10.1017/s0047404508080548 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 351-383 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

MANUEL DÍAZ-CAMPOS ◽

J. CLANCY CLEMENTS

Keyword(s):

Slave Trade ◽

18Th Century ◽

Limited Access ◽

Black And White ◽

Linguistic Evidence ◽

Spanish Colonies ◽

Access Model

ABSTRACTMcWhorter challenges the validity of the limited access model for creole formation, noting that “the mainland Spanish colonies put in question a model which is crucial to current creole genesis.” His thesis is that in the Spanish mainland colonies the disproportion between the Black and White populations was enough for the emergence of a creole language. This article focuses on one colony, Venezuela, and argues that Africans there had as much access to Spanish as they did in islands such as Cuba. Based on this fact, the relevant linguistic evidence is analyzed. The most important contribution of this study is the discussion of the Spanish crown's monopolization of the slave trade, which kept the Black/White ratio relatively low in certain Spanish colonies until the end of the 18th century. Until now, this part of the puzzle has been absent in the discussion of the missing Spanish creoles.

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Not Staying in Their Place: An Historic Analysis of Mechanisms of Controlling Movement of Black Men in America through the Lenses of Social Identity and Gender

Journal of Black Studies ◽

10.1177/00219347211021091 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002193472110210

Author(s):

Merri H. Davis ◽

Adina B. Friedman

Keyword(s):

Social Identity ◽

Black Men ◽

Black Males ◽

18Th Century ◽

Social Identities ◽

Central Component ◽

Black And White ◽

British Colony ◽

And Gender ◽

White Masculinities

Since the arrival of enslaved Africans to the British colony of Virginia in the early 17th century, the spaces of Black men have been policed. Templates characterizing Black males as violent, dangerous, and sexually potent were fully developed by the 18th century and reflected in laws, practices, and systems designed to control their movement. This article applies lenses of social identity and gender to examine contemporary constructs of and practices toward Black men, tracing them back to their historical precursors. The authors contend that fear-based templates continue to be evoked in 21st century America to control the movement and space of Black men through systems and structures which criminalize, terrorize, and economically and educationally dis-advantage them. A major impetus for the development of these systems and structures has been the construction of White masculinities. The authors thus explore the co-constitutive nature of Black and White social identities, a central component of which is gender.

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Diachronic Changes in the Frequency of Color Designation in Russian Poetic Texts

Vestnik NSU Series Linguistics and Intercultural Communication ◽

10.25205/1818-7935-2021-19-4-5-35 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 5-35

Author(s):

A. Ts. Masevich ◽

V. P. Zakharov

Keyword(s):

Corpus Linguistics ◽

18Th Century ◽

Semantic Annotation ◽

Quantitative Characteristic ◽

General Description ◽

Black And White ◽

Part Of Speech ◽

Poetic Texts ◽

Frequency Behavior

We propose a statistical-diachronic approach to the description of color designations in poetic texts in Russian. Methods of corpus linguistics and the semantic annotation of the Russian National Corpus (RNC) applied in the research have revealed certain patterns of change in the frequency ` in poetic texts from 1750 to 1999. A quantitative characteristic of the poetic corpus of the RNC is presented by decades of the period under study. We also provide a general description of its poetry corpus (number of texts, number of authors, searching techniques, the semantic annotation, etc.). Also presented is the authors' classification of adjectives with the color tag of the semantic annotation.The study has revealed the RNC inconsistency in the assignment of color tags during the semantic annotation. In the authors’ opinion, this defect could affect the results of the study; however, the spotted tendencies in frequency behavior of color adjectives seem to be reliable.The research method is based on the comparison of statistical indicators for each decade in the specified range. Accordingly, the charts are plotted with reference to the average values for the range, unlike the RNC Charts tool, where a chart is based on the points for each year with a smoothing coefficient. Also, the indicators in the poetic corpus are compared with the corresponding data in the prose corpus. It has been reliably established that in the texts of the poetry corpus the frequency of color designations is higher than in the texts from basic, newspaper and oral corpora regardless of the part of speech the words belong to. The highest frequency (IPM) values of all adjectives that have the color tag of the RNC semantic annotation are observed in the last decades of the 19th - first decades of the 20th centuries. The frequency behavior of adjectives belonging to different classes differs significantly in different periods. In the texts of the 18th century, the analogous adjectives (or the adjectives of secondary nomination, such as златой (golden), янтарный (amber), etc.) prevail. In the texts of the 19th century adjectives – quasi-colors, (such as светлый (light), тёмный (dark), бледный (pale), etc.) are most frequent whereas in the texts of the 20th century the color adjectives per se have the highest frequency. While ranking the data selected from all the periods in the descending order, the first 28 ranks were occupied by the adjectives denoting achromatic colors – black and white. The article also defines prospects for our further research of color designations in Russian: specifying classification of color adjectives, looking at statistical aspects of their polysemy, and comparison of their use frequency by individual authors.

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