Small virus-like particles isolated from the leaf sheath tissues of rice plants and from the rice tarsonemid mites, Steneotarsonemus spinki smiley (Acarina, Tarsonemidae).

The effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on rice blast and sheath blight disease severity was studied in the field in northern Japan for 3 years. With free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE), rice plants were grown in ambient and elevated (≈200 to 280 μmol mol-1 above ambient) CO2 concentrations, and were artificially inoculated with consist of Magnaporthe oryzae. Rice plants grown in an elevated CO2 concentration were more susceptible to leaf blast than those in ambient CO2 as indicated by the increased number of leaf blast lesions. Plants grown under elevated CO2 concentration had lower leaf silicon content, which may have contributed to the increased susceptibility to leaf blast under elevated CO2 concentrations. In contrast to leaf blast, panicle blast severity was unchanged by the CO2 enrichment under artificial inoculation, whereas it was slightly but significantly higher under elevated CO2 concentrations in a spontaneous rice blast epidemic. For naturally occurring epidemics of the sheath blight development in rice plants, the percentage of diseased plants was higher under elevated as opposed to ambient CO2 concentrations. However, the average height of lesions above the soil surface was similar between the treatments. One hypothesis is that the higher number of tillers observed under elevated CO2 concentrations may have increased the chance for fungal sclerotia to adhere to the leaf sheath at the water surface. Consequently, the potential risks for infection of leaf blast and epidemics of sheath blight would increase in rice grown under elevated CO2 concentration.

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Two types of virus-like particles isolated from downy mildew diseased rice plants.

Japanese Journal of Phytopathology ◽

10.3186/jjphytopath.49.653 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

pp. 653-658 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Ryoso HONKURA ◽

Yukio SHIRAKO ◽

Yoshio EHARA ◽

Susumu YAMANAKA

Keyword(s):

Downy Mildew ◽

Virus Like Particles ◽

Rice Plants

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Fundamental parenchyma cells are involved in Na+ and Cl– removal ability in rice leaf sheath

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp18318 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (8) ◽

pp. 743 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sarin Neang ◽

Marjorie de Ocampo ◽

James A. Egdane ◽

John D. Platten ◽

Abdelbagi M. Ismail ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Tolerance ◽

Tissue Level ◽

Leaf Sheath ◽

Salt Sensitivity ◽

Salt Tolerant ◽

Basal Leaf ◽

Rice Plants ◽

Rice Leaf ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Rice Genotypes

Salt sensitivity in rice plants is associated with the accumulated amount of Na+ and Cl– in shoots and, more significantly, in photosynthetic tissues. Therefore, salt removal ability at the leaf sheath level is an important mechanism of salt tolerance. In the present study we attempted to determine whether rice leaf sheaths excluded Cl– as well as Na+, and to identify the tissues that were involved in the removal ability of both ions. In two rice genotypes, salt-tolerant FL478 and -sensitive IR29, leaf sheaths excluded Na+ and Cl– under NaCl treatment as estimated using their sheath:blade ratios. The sheath:blade ratio of Na+ but not of Cl–, was increased by NaCl treatment. Under NaCl treatment, Na+ concentration was higher in the basal leaf sheath, whereas Cl– concentration was higher in the middle and tip parts. At the tissue level, fundamental parenchyma cells of leaf sheaths retained the highest amounts of Na and Cl when treated with high amount of NaCl. These results imply that the leaf sheath potentially functions to remove excess Na+ and Cl– from xylem vessels in different locations along the axis, with the fundamental parenchyma cells of leaf sheaths being involved in over-accumulation of both Na+ and Cl–.

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Extra small virus-like particles (XSV) and nodavirus associated with whitish muscle disease in the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Journal of Fish Diseases ◽

10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00486.x ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 521-527 ◽

Cited By ~ 122

Author(s):

D Qian ◽

Z Shi ◽

S Zhang ◽

Z Cao ◽

W Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Macrobrachium Rosenbergii ◽

Muscle Disease ◽

Freshwater Prawn ◽

Virus Like Particles ◽

Giant Freshwater Prawn ◽

Small Virus

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Role of the Leaf Sheath in Elongation of the Internodes of Rice Plants.

Japanese Journal of Crop Science ◽

10.1626/jcs.61.235 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 235-243

Author(s):

Kiyoshi TAKAHASHI

Keyword(s):

Leaf Sheath ◽

Rice Plants

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Interaction of Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide and Gibberellic Acid on Dwarf Bean and Dwarf Corn

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1071/bi9711347 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 1347

Author(s):

N Veinbrants ◽

KS Rowan

Keyword(s):

Gibberellic Acid ◽

Succinic Acid ◽

Reducing Sugars ◽

Leaf Sheath ◽

Trimethylammonium Chloride ◽

Barley Endosperm ◽

Rice Plants ◽

Inhibition Of Growth ◽

Amo 1618 ◽

Dwarf Bean

Although succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (Alar) is usually classed as an antagonist of gibberellins, it does not inhibit synthesis of gibberellin in Fusarium (Ninneman et al. 1964; Dennis, Upper, and West 1965), nor inhibit release of reducing sugars from barley endosperm by gibberellic acid (GAa) (Paleg et al. 1965) or interact additively with ammonium(5-hydroxycarvacryl)trimethyl chloride piperidine carboxylate (Amo 1618) or (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) (Moore 1967). In addition, Alar reverses inhibition of growth of rice plants induced by CCC (Hishra and Paul 1967). In this paper we show that while Alar antagonizes the action of GAa in dwarf bean, it shows positive synergism with GAa in stimulating the growth of the first leaf sheath of dwarf corn (d1).

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Relationship between Starch Accumulation and Activities of the Related Enzymes in the Leaf Sheath as a Temporary Sink Organ in Rice (Oryza sativa)

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp96107 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 563 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Yoshito Watanabe ◽

Yasunori Nakamura ◽

Ryuichi Ishii

Keyword(s):

Biosynthetic Pathway ◽

Starch Content ◽

Soluble Starch ◽

Leaf Sheath ◽

Starch Synthase ◽

Starch Accumulation ◽

Regulation Mechanism ◽

Rice Plants ◽

Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphatase ◽

The Relationship

The starch stored temporarily in the leaf sheath of rice plants is translocated to the grain, contributing to the grain yield. In this paper, the relationship between starch accumulation and the activities of enzymes involved in the starch biosynthetic pathway in the leaf sheaths of rice plants was examined to elucidate the regulation mechanism of starch accumulation in the temporary sink organ. When the starch content was compared between different leaf sheath positions on the main stem, the 14th leaf sheath counted from the bottom, which elongated just before anthesis, showed about a four-fold higher value than the 10th leaf sheath. Among the enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, the activity of starch branching enzyme (BE, EC2.4.1.18) was greatly higher in the 14th leaf sheath than in the 10th leaf sheath, while that of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (EC2.7.7.27) was similar between the two leaf sheaths. The starch content increased rapidly in the period around anthesis in the 12th and 14th leaf sheaths, but did not in the 10th and 11th leaf sheath. In the higher leaf sheath position, the activity of BE changed with noticeably similar trend to the starch content. Soluble starch synthase (SSS, EC2.4.1.21), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS, EC2.4.1.21) and plastidial fructose- 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase, EC3.1.3.11) were also significantly correlated with the starch content. These results suggest that BE is involved in regulation of starch metabolism, possibly in collaboration with other enzymes such as SSS, GBSS and plastidial FBPase in temporary sink organs like the leaf sheath.

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